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Above-Unity Coherent Cooperativity of Tin-Vacancy Centers in Diamond Photonic Crystal Cavities

Nina Codreanu1,2,*, Tim Turan1,2,*, Daniel Bedialauneta Rodriguez1,2,*, Matteo Pasini1,2, Lorenzo de Santis1,2, Maximilian Ruf1,2, Christian F. Primavera1,2, Leonardo G. C. Wienhoven1,2, Caroline E. Smulders1,2 et al.

Simon Gröblacher2 and Ronald Hanson1,2,†

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: R.Hanson@tudelft.nl
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Phys. Rev. X 16, 021060 – Published 25 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/z514-v4n6

Abstract

The tin-vacancy center in diamond (SnV) has emerged as a compelling building block for realizing next-generation quantum networks thanks to its excellent optical and spin properties. Coupling to photonic crystal cavities (PCCs) promises to further enhance the SnV light-matter interface and unlock a diverse range of entanglement generation protocols. Recent pioneering experiments showing Purcell enhancement of SnV centers in PCCs underscore this potential. However, optical coupling that is coherent—the key ingredient for use in quantum protocols—has so far remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate above-unity coherent cooperativity of SnV centers embedded in photonic crystal cavities. We fabricate free-standing PCCs using a quasi-isotropic undercut. Across two samples, we conduct room-temperature characterizations, measuring resonances for 327 cavities, with an average quality factor exceeding Q=1.1(4)×104. Two cavity-coupled emitters are examined in detail, exhibiting quality factors up to Q=25.4(4)×103 and Purcell-reduced lifetimes corresponding to cooperativities up to C=20.3(11). Furthermore, the single SnVs are observed to strongly modulate the cavity transmission with an extinction contrast up to 98.8(4)%% on resonance. Finally, SnV linewidth measurements reveal above-unity coherent cooperativities in both devices, with the highest value being Ccoh=8.3(12). These results open the door to using cavity-coupled SnV centers as efficient, coherent light-matter interfaces for future quantum networks.

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Popular Summary

Quantum networks require robust light-matter interfaces to effectively transfer quantum information between stationary solid-state nodes, such as diamond tin-vacancy centers, and propagating photons. To directly enhance this essential interaction, we fabricated freestanding diamond photonic crystal cavities with high quality factors to strongly couple with the embedded tin-vacancy emitters. We experimentally measured light-matter coupling rates between the engineered optical cavities and the individual emitters that are significantly faster than the combined spontaneous emission and dephasing rates of the tin-vacancy centers. As a result, we successfully demonstrated coherent cooperativities of the device exceeding unity, which directly quantifies the critical enhancement necessary for executing high-fidelity quantum entanglement generation protocols. Our results establish these nanophotonic devices as highly efficient, coherent interfaces, providing a fundamental hardware building block for the realization of sophisticated and scalable long-distance quantum networks.

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Phys. Rev. X 16, 021060– Published 25 June, 2026
  • Received 7 November 2025
  • Accepted 1 April 2026
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