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Coexistence of Multiple Nonlinear States in a Tristable Passive Kerr Resonator

Miles Anderson*, Yadong Wang, François Leo†, Stéphane Coen, Miro Erkintalo‡, and Stuart G. Murdoch§

  • The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

  • *Present address: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • †Present address: Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, CP 194/5, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
  • ‡m.erkintalo@auckland.ac.nz
  • §s.murdoch@auckland.ac.nz
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Phys. Rev. X 7, 031031 – Published 15 August, 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.7.031031

Abstract

Passive Kerr cavities driven by coherent laser fields display a rich landscape of nonlinear physics, including bistability, pattern formation, and localized dissipative structures (solitons). Their conceptual simplicity has for several decades offered an unprecedented window into nonlinear cavity dynamics, providing insights into numerous systems and applications ranging from all-optical memory devices to microresonator frequency combs. Yet despite the decades of study, a recent theoretical work has surprisingly alluded to an entirely new and unexplored paradigm in the regime where nonlinearly tilted cavity resonances overlap with one another [T. Hansson and S. Wabnitz, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 32, 1259 (2015)]. We use synchronously driven fiber ring resonators to experimentally access this regime and observe the rise of new nonlinear dissipative states. Specifically, we observe, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the stable coexistence of temporal Kerr cavity solitons and extended modulation instability (Turing) patterns, and perform real-time measurements that unveil the dynamics of the ensuing nonlinear structure. When operating in the regime of continuous wave tristability, we further observe the coexistence of two distinct cavity soliton states, one of which can be identified as a “super” cavity soliton, as predicted by Hansson and Wabnitz. Our experimental findings are in excellent agreement with theoretical analyses and numerical simulations of the infinite-dimensional Ikeda map that governs the cavity dynamics. The results from our work reveal that experimental systems can support complex combinations of distinct nonlinear states, and they could have practical implications to future microresonator-based frequency comb sources.

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Popular Summary

Patterns abound in nature, ranging from the stripes on a zebra to the ripple formations in windblown sand. Remarkably, the key ingredients that underlie their formation also manifest themselves in many optical systems, giving rise to the analogous formation of patterns in light. The simplest of such systems is a device known as a passive Kerr resonator, formed, for example, by joining together the two ends of a telecommunications optical fiber. While the pattern formation dynamics in passive Kerr resonators has been studied for many decades, recent theoretical work has alluded to an entirely new paradigm in the highly nonlinear regime where adjacent resonator modes overlap. We report on the first experiments that access this regime, demonstrating the emergence of new combinations of patterned and self-localized states.

Our experiments are performed in optical fiber ring resonators that are synchronously driven with nanosecond laser pulses. Thanks to the low resonator losses and the large peak power of the driving pulses, very large nonlinear phase shifts can be realized. Through a combination of comprehensive temporal and spectral measurements, we unequivocally observe new combinations of distinct nonlinear structures associated with adjacent resonator modes. Specifically, we have observed the stable coexistence between patterned and self-localized soliton states—self-reinforcing solitary wave packets—and studied their dynamical interactions in real time. We have also observed coexistence between two distinct dissipative soliton states, thereby confirming earlier theoretical predictions.

By experimentally demonstrating the coexistence between distinct nonlinear states, our work opens up a new and exciting paradigm of nonlinear dynamics and pattern formation in general. Our findings could also have practical implications for the design of future sources of laserlike light based on Kerr microresonators, whose many prospective applications range from spectroscopy to telecommunications.

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Phys. Rev. X 7, 031031– Published 15 August, 2017
  • Received 1 February 2017
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