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Exponential Improvement in Photon Storage Fidelities Using Subradiance and “Selective Radiance” in Atomic Arrays

A. Asenjo-Garcia1,2,*, M. Moreno-Cardoner3, A. Albrecht3, H. J. Kimble1, and D. E. Chang3

  • 1Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics MC12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
  • 2Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
  • 3ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain

  • *ana.asenjo@caltech.edu
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Phys. Rev. X 7, 031024 – Published 3 August, 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.7.031024

Abstract

A central goal within quantum optics is to realize efficient, controlled interactions between photons and atomic media. A fundamental limit in nearly all applications based on such systems arises from spontaneous emission, in which photons are absorbed by atoms and then rescattered into undesired channels. In typical theoretical treatments of atomic ensembles, it is assumed that this rescattering occurs independently, and at a rate given by a single isolated atom, which in turn gives rise to standard limits of fidelity in applications such as quantum memories for light or photonic quantum gates. However, this assumption can in fact be dramatically violated. In particular, it has long been known that spontaneous emission of a collective atomic excitation can be significantly suppressed through strong interference in emission between atoms. While this concept of “subradiance” is not new, thus far the techniques to exploit the effect have not been well understood. In this work, we provide a comprehensive treatment of this problem. First, we show that in ordered atomic arrays in free space, subradiant states acquire an elegant interpretation in terms of optical modes that are guided by the array, which only emit due to scattering from the ends of the finite system. We also go beyond the typically studied regime of a single atomic excitation and elucidate the properties of subradiant states in the many-excitation limit. Finally, we introduce the new concept of “selective radiance.” Whereas subradiant states experience a reduced coupling to all optical modes, selectively radiant states are tailored to simultaneously radiate efficiently into a desired channel while scattering into undesired channels is suppressed, thus enabling an enhanced atom-light interface. We show that these states naturally appear in chains of atoms coupled to nanophotonic structures, and we analyze the performance of photon storage exploiting such states. We find numerically that selectively radiant states allow for a photon storage error that scales exponentially better with the number of atoms than previously known bounds.

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Popular Summary

Many quantum information-processing protocols can be realized by an ensemble of atoms interacting with light. The efficiency of this interaction is limited by the probability of the ensemble to emit a photon into an undesired direction rather than the mode of interest. The “standard” model is to assume that the emission into undesired channels occurs independently from surrounding atoms. When atoms are sufficiently close to each other, however, light emitted by different atoms can interfere and dramatically alter the undesired emission. We show that this interference can be exploited to a spectacular effect, yielding a platform for quantum optics far more powerful than the standard model predicts.

Using a mathematical description of an ordered one-dimensional array of atoms coupled to photons in the guided mode of a nanostructure, we identify the novel phenomenon of “selective radiance,” where certain collective atomic excitations emit strongly into the preferred guided modes, while their decay rate into free space is simultaneously suppressed because of an “impedance mismatch” with free-space electromagnetic radiation. This precisely fulfills the conditions needed to achieve an efficient atom-light interface. We show theoretically how these states can be utilized in a protocol for quantum memory for light, which, as the number of atoms increases, achieves an exponentially improved suppression of error over previously known bounds.

This result suggests that we should rethink the traditional paradigm used to describe atomic ensembles and more broadly explore the vast potential of collective atomic interference in quantum optics.

Article Text

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Phys. Rev. X 7, 031024– Published 3 August, 2017
  • Received 15 March 2017
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