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Closing the Mass Window for Stupendously Large Black Holes

Christopher Gerlach1,*, Yann Gouttenoire1,†, Antonio J. Iovino2,3,‡, and Nicholas Leister1,§

  • *Contact author: cgerlach@uni-mainz.de
  • †Contact author: yann.gouttenoire@gmail.com
  • ‡Contact author: ai2869@nyu.edu
  • §Contact author: nleister@uni-mainz.de
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 181401 – Published 26 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/qlf9-thf4

Abstract

We show that primordial black holes (PBHs) in the stupendously large black hole mass range (M≳1011M⊙) produce isocurvature perturbations exceeding current Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) limits, thereby excluding them as a significant dark matter component.

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Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 181401– Published 26 October, 2026
  • Received 19 August 2025
  • Revised 30 March 2026
  • Accepted 9 September 2026
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