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GW250114: Testing Hawking’s Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes

A. G. Abac ¹, I. Abouelfettouh², F. Acernese^3,4, K. Ackley ⁵, C. Adamcewicz ⁶, S. Adhicary ⁷, D. Adhikari^8,9, N. Adhikari ¹⁰, R. X. Adhikari ¹¹ et al. (LIGO Scientific, Virgo, and KAGRA Collaborations^‡)

R. X. Adhikari ¹¹, V. K. Adkins¹², S. Afroz ¹³, A. Agapito¹⁴, D. Agarwal ¹⁵, M. Agathos ¹⁶, N. Aggarwal¹⁷, S. Aggarwal¹⁸, O. D. Aguiar ¹⁹, I.-L. Ahrend²⁰, L. Aiello ^21,22, A. Ain ²³, P. Ajith ²⁴, T. Akutsu ^25,26, S. Al-Kershi^8,9, S. Al-Shammari³³, S. Albanesi ^27,28, W. Ali^29,30, C. Alléné³¹, A. Allocca ^32,4, P. A. Altin ³⁴, S. Alvarez-Lopez ³⁵, W. Amar³¹, O. Amarasinghe³³, A. Amato ^36,37, F. Amicucci ^38,39, C. Amra⁴⁰, A. Ananyeva¹¹, S. B. Anderson ¹¹, W. G. Anderson ¹¹, M. Andia ⁴¹, M. Ando⁴², M. Andrés-Carcasona ⁴³, T. Andrić ^44,45,8,9, J. Anglin⁴⁶, S. Ansoldi ^47,48, J. M. Antelis ⁴⁹, S. Antier ⁴¹, M. Aoumi⁵⁰, E. Z. Appavuravther^51,52, S. Appert¹¹, S. K. Apple ⁵³, K. Arai ¹¹, A. Araya ⁴², M. C. Araya ¹¹, M. Arca Sedda ^44,45, J. S. Areeda ⁵⁴, N. Aritomi², F. Armato ^29,30, S. Armstrong⁵⁵, N. Arnaud ⁵⁶, M. Arogeti ⁵⁷, S. M. Aronson ¹², G. Ashton ⁵⁸, Y. Aso ^25,59, L. Asprea²⁸, M. Assiduo^60,61, S. Assis de Souza Melo⁶², S. M. Aston⁶³, P. Astone ³⁸, F. Attadio ^39,38, F. Aubin ⁶⁴, K. AultONeal ⁶⁵, G. Avallone ⁶⁶, E. A. Avila ⁴⁹, S. Babak ²⁰, C. Badger⁶⁷, S. Bae ⁶⁸, S. Bagnasco ²⁸, L. Baiotti ⁶⁹, R. Bajpai ⁷⁰, T. Baka^71,37, A. M. Baker⁶, K. A. Baker⁷², T. Baker ⁷³, G. Baldi ^74,75, N. Baldicchi ^76,51, M. Ball⁷⁷, G. Ballardin⁶², S. W. Ballmer⁷⁸, S. Banagiri ⁶, B. Banerjee ⁴⁴, D. Bankar ⁷⁹, T. M. Baptiste¹², P. Baral ¹⁰, M. Baratti ^80,81, J. C. Barayoga¹¹, B. C. Barish¹¹, D. Barker², N. Barman⁷⁹, P. Barneo ^82,83,84, F. Barone ^85,4, B. Barr ⁸⁶, L. Barsotti ³⁵, M. Barsuglia ²⁰, D. Barta ⁸⁷, A. M. Bartoletti⁸⁸, M. A. Barton ⁸⁶, I. Bartos⁴⁶, A. Basalaev ^8,9, R. Bassiri ⁸⁹, A. Basti ^81,80, M. Bawaj ^76,51, P. Baxi⁹⁰, J. C. Bayley ⁸⁶, A. C. Baylor ¹⁰, P. A. Baynard, II⁵⁷, M. Bazzan^91,92, V. M. Bedakihale⁹³, F. Beirnaert ⁹⁴, M. Bejger ⁹⁵, D. Belardinelli ²², A. S. Bell ⁸⁶, D. S. Bellie⁹⁶, L. Bellizzi ^80,81, W. Benoit ¹⁸, I. Bentara ⁵⁶, J. D. Bentley ⁹⁷, M. Ben Yaala⁵⁵, S. Bera ^98,99, F. Bergamin ³³, B. K. Berger ⁸⁹, S. Bernuzzi ²⁷, M. Beroiz ¹¹, C. P. L. Berry ⁸⁶, D. Bersanetti ²⁹, T. Bertheas¹⁰⁰, A. Bertolini^37,36, J. Betzwieser ⁶³, D. Beveridge ⁷², G. Bevilacqua ¹⁰¹, N. Bevins ¹⁰², S. Bhagwat ¹¹⁸, R. Bhandare¹⁰³, R. Bhatt¹¹, D. Bhattacharjee ^104,105, S. Bhattacharyya¹⁰⁶, S. Bhaumik ⁴⁶, V. Biancalana ¹⁰¹, A. Bianchi^37,107, I. A. Bilenko¹⁰⁸, G. Billingsley ¹¹, A. Binetti ¹⁰⁹, S. Bini ^11,74,75, C. Binu¹¹⁰, S. Biot¹¹¹, O. Birnholtz ¹¹², S. Biscoveanu ⁹⁶, A. Bisht⁹, M. Bitossi ^62,80, M.-A. Bizouard ¹¹³, S. Blaber¹¹⁴, J. K. Blackburn ¹¹, L. A. Blagg⁷⁷, C. D. Blair^72,63, D. G. Blair⁷², N. Bode ^8,9, N. Boettner⁹⁷, G. Boileau ¹¹³, M. Boldrini ³⁸, G. N. Bolingbroke ¹¹⁵, A. Bolliand^116,40, L. D. Bonavena ⁴⁶, R. Bondarescu ⁸², F. Bondu ¹¹⁷, E. Bonilla ⁸⁹, M. S. Bonilla ⁵⁴, A. Bonino¹¹⁸, R. Bonnand ^31,116, A. Borchers^8,9, S. Borhanian⁷, V. Boschi ⁸⁰, S. Bose¹¹⁹, V. Bossilkov⁶³, Y. Bothra ^37,107, A. Boudon⁵⁶, L. Bourg⁵⁷, M. Boyle ¹²⁰, A. Bozzi⁶², C. Bradaschia⁸⁰, P. R. Brady ¹⁰, A. Branch⁶³, M. Branchesi ^44,45, I. Braun¹⁰⁴, T. Briant ¹²¹, A. Brillet¹¹³, M. Brinkmann^8,9, P. Brockill¹⁰, E. Brockmueller ^8,9, A. F. Brooks ¹¹, B. C. Brown⁴⁶, D. D. Brown¹¹⁵, M. L. Brozzetti ^76,51, S. Brunett¹¹, G. Bruno¹⁵, R. Bruntz ¹²², J. Bryant¹¹⁸, Y. Bu¹²³, F. Bucci ⁶¹, J. Buchanan¹²², O. Bulashenko ^82,83, T. Bulik¹²⁴, H. J. Bulten³⁷, A. Buonanno ^125,1, K. Burtnyk², R. Buscicchio ^126,127, D. Buskulic³¹, J. Calderón Bustillo ¹⁷⁷, C. Buy ¹⁰⁰, R. L. Byer⁸⁹, V. Cáceres-Barbosa ⁷, G. S. Cabourn Davies ⁷³, R. Cabrita ¹⁵, L. Cadonati ⁵⁷, G. Cagnoli ¹²⁸, C. Cahillane ⁷⁸, A. Calafat⁹⁸, T. A. Callister¹²⁹, E. Calloni^32,4, S. R. Callos ⁷⁷, M. Canepa^30,29, G. Caneva Santoro ⁴³, K. C. Cannon ⁴², H. Cao³⁵, L. A. Capistran¹³⁰, E. Capocasa ²⁰, E. Capote ^2,11, G. Capurri ^81,80, G. Carapella^66,131, F. Carbognani⁶², M. Carlassara^8,9, J. B. Carlin ¹²³, T. K. Carlson¹³², M. F. Carney¹⁰⁴, M. Carpinelli ^126,62, G. Carrillo⁷⁷, J. J. Carter ^8,9, G. Carullo ^118,133, A. Casallas-Lagos¹³⁴, J. Casanueva Diaz ⁶², C. Casentini ^135,22, S. Y. Castro-Lucas¹³⁶, S. Caudill¹³², M. Cavaglià ¹⁰⁵, R. Cavalieri ⁶², A. Ceja⁵⁴, G. Cella ⁸⁰, P. Cerdá-Durán ^137,138, E. Cesarini ²², N. Chabbra³⁴, W. Chaibi¹¹³, A. Chakraborty ¹³, P. Chakraborty ^8,9, S. Chakraborty¹⁰³, S. Chalathadka Subrahmanya ⁹⁷, J. C. L. Chan ¹³⁹, M. Chan¹¹⁴, K. Chang¹⁴⁰, S. Chao ^141,140, P. Charlton ¹⁴², E. Chassande-Mottin ²⁰, C. Chatterjee ¹⁴³, Debarati Chatterjee ⁷⁹, Deep Chatterjee ³⁵, M. Chaturvedi¹⁰³, S. Chaty ²⁰, K. Chatziioannou ¹¹, A. Chen ¹⁴⁴, A. H.-Y. Chen¹⁴⁵, D. Chen ¹⁴⁶, H. Chen¹⁴¹, H. Y. Chen ¹⁴⁷, S. Chen¹⁴³, Yanbei Chen¹⁴⁸, Yitian Chen ¹²⁰, H. P. Cheng¹⁴⁹, P. Chessa ^76,51, H. T. Cheung ⁹⁰, S. Y. Cheung⁶, F. Chiadini ^150,131, D. Chiaramello ²⁸, G. Chiarini^8,9,92, A. Chiba¹⁵¹, A. Chincarini ²⁹, M. L. Chiofalo ^81,80, A. Chiummo ^4,62, C. Chou¹⁴⁵, S. Choudhary ⁷², N. Christensen ^113,152, S. S. Y. Chua ³⁴, G. Ciani ^74,75, M. Cieślar ¹²⁴, P. Ciecielag ⁹⁵, M. Cifaldi ²², B. Cirok¹⁵³, F. Clara², J. A. Clark ^11,57, T. A. Clarke ⁶, P. Clearwater¹⁵⁴, S. Clesse¹¹¹, F. Cleva^113,116, E. Coccia^44,45,43, E. Codazzo ^155,156, P.-F. Cohadon ¹²¹, S. Colace ³⁰, E. Colangeli⁷³, M. Colleoni ⁹⁸, C. G. Collette¹⁵⁷, J. Collins⁶³, S. Colloms ⁸⁶, A. Colombo ^158,127, C. M. Compton², G. Connolly⁷⁷, L. Conti ⁹², T. R. Corbitt ¹², I. Cordero-Carrión ¹⁵⁹, S. Corezzi ^76,51, N. J. Cornish ¹⁶⁰, I. Coronado¹⁶¹, A. Corsi ¹⁶², R. Cottingham⁶³, M. W. Coughlin ¹⁸, A. Couineaux³⁸, P. Couvares ^11,57, D. M. Coward⁷², R. Coyne ¹⁶³, A. Cozzumbo⁴⁴, J. D. E. Creighton ¹⁰, T. D. Creighton¹⁶⁴, P. Cremonese ⁹⁸, S. Crook⁶³, R. Crouch², J. Csizmazia², J. R. Cudell ¹⁶⁵, T. J. Cullen ¹¹, A. Cumming ⁸⁶, E. Cuoco ^166,167, M. Cusinato ¹³⁷, B. D’Angelo ²⁹, S. D’Antonio ³⁸, L. D’Onofrio ³⁸, D. D’Urso ^170,155, G. Dálya ¹⁰⁰, M. C. Díaz ¹⁶⁴, T. Dal Canton ⁴¹, S. Dal Pra ¹⁶⁹, T. Damour ²⁷³, S. Danilishin ^36,37, K. Danzmann^9,8, K. E. Darroch¹²², L. P. Dartez ⁶³, R. Das¹⁰⁶, A. Dasgupta⁹³, V. Dattilo ⁶², A. Daumas²⁰, N. Davari^170,171, I. Dave¹⁰³, A. Davenport¹³⁶, M. Davier⁴¹, T. F. Davies⁷², D. Davis ¹¹, L. Davis⁷², M. C. Davis ¹⁸, P. Davis ^172,173, E. J. Daw ¹⁷⁴, M. Dax ¹, L. V. Da Conceição ¹⁶⁸, M. Deenadayalan⁷⁹, J. Degallaix ¹⁷⁵, S. Della Torre ¹²⁷, W. Del Pozzo ^81,80, A. Demagny³¹, G. Demasi^176,61, N. Demos³⁵, T. Dent ¹⁷⁷, A. Depasse ¹⁵, N. DePergola¹⁰², M. Desai ³⁵, R. DeSalvo ¹⁸⁰, A. DeSimone¹⁸¹, J. De Bolle ⁹⁴, M. De Laurentis ^32,4, F. De Lillo ²³, F. De Marco ^39,38, F. De Matteis ^21,22, R. De Pietri ^178,179, R. De Rosa ^32,4, C. De Rossi ⁶², R. De Simone^150,131, A. Dhani ¹, R. Diab⁴⁶, G. Dideron¹⁸², T. Dietrich ¹, D. Diksha^37,36, J. Ding ^20,183, M. Di Cesare ^32,4, L. Di Fiore⁴, C. Di Fronzo ⁷², M. Di Giovanni ^39,38, T. Di Girolamo ^32,4, S. Di Pace ^39,38, I. Di Palma ^39,38, D. Di Piero^184,48, Divyajyoti³³, F. Di Renzo ⁵⁶, A. Dmitriev ¹¹⁸, J. P. Docherty⁸⁶, Z. Doctor ⁹⁶, N. Doerksen ¹⁶⁸, E. Dohmen², A. Doke¹³², A. Domiciano De Souza¹⁸⁵, F. Donovan³⁵, K. L. Dooley ³³, T. Dooney⁷¹, S. Doravari ⁷⁹, O. Dorosh¹⁸⁶, W. J. D. Doyle¹²², M. Drago ^39,38, J. C. Driggers ², L. Dunn ¹²³, U. Dupletsa⁴⁴, P. Dutta Roy ⁴⁶, H. Duval ¹⁸⁷, P.-A. Duverne ²⁰, S. E. Dwyer², C. Eassa², M. Ebersold ^188,31, T. Eckhardt ⁹⁷, G. Eddolls ⁷⁸, A. Effler ⁶³, J. Eichholz ³⁴, H. Einsle¹¹³, M. Eisenmann²⁵, M. Emma ⁵⁸, K. Endo¹⁵¹, R. Enficiaud ¹, L. Errico ^32,4, R. Espinosa¹⁶⁴, M. Esposito ^4,32, R. C. Essick ¹⁸⁹, H. Estellés ¹, T. Etzel¹¹, M. Evans ³⁵, T. Evstafyeva¹⁸², B. E. Ewing⁷, J. M. Ezquiaga ¹³⁹, F. Fabrizi ^60,61, V. Fafone ^21,22, S. Fairhurst ³³, A. M. Farah ¹²⁹, B. Farr ⁷⁷, W. M. Farr ^190,191, G. Favaro ⁹¹, M. Favata ¹⁹², M. Fays ¹⁶⁵, M. Fazio ⁵⁵, J. Feicht¹¹, M. M. Fejer⁸⁹, R. Felicetti ^184,48, E. Fenyvesi ^87,193, J. Fernandes¹⁹⁴, T. Fernandes ^195,137, D. Fernando¹¹⁰, S. Ferraiuolo ^196,39,38, T. A. Ferreira¹², F. Fidecaro ^81,80, P. Figura ⁹⁵, E. Finch ¹¹, A. Fiori ^80,81, I. Fiori ⁶², M. Fishbach ¹⁸⁹, R. P. Fisher¹²², R. Fittipaldi ^197,131, V. Fiumara ^198,131, R. Flaminio³¹, S. M. Fleischer ¹⁹⁹, L. S. Fleming²⁰⁰, E. Floden¹⁸, H. Fong¹¹⁴, J. A. Font ^137,138, F. Fontinele-Nunes¹⁸, C. Foo¹, B. Fornal ²⁰¹, K. Franceschetti¹⁷⁸, F. Frappez³¹, S. Frasca^39,38, F. Frasconi ⁸⁰, J. P. Freed⁶⁵, Z. Frei ²⁰², A. Freise ^37,107, O. Freitas ^195,137, R. Frey ⁷⁷, W. Frischhertz⁶³, P. Fritschel³⁵, V. V. Frolov⁶³, G. G. Fronzé ²⁸, M. Fuentes-Garcia ¹¹, S. Fujii²⁰³, T. Fujimori²⁰⁴, P. Fulda⁴⁶, M. Fyffe⁶³, B. Gadre ⁷¹, J. R. Gair ¹, S. Galaudage ¹⁸⁵, V. Galdi²⁰⁵, R. Gamba⁷, A. Gamboa ¹, S. Gamoji¹⁸⁰, D. Ganapathy ²⁰⁶, A. Ganguly ⁷⁹, B. Garaventa ²⁹, J. García-Bellido ²⁰⁷, C. García-Quirós ¹⁸⁸, J. W. Gardner ³⁴, K. A. Gardner¹¹⁴, S. Garg⁴², J. Gargiulo ⁶², X. Garrido ⁴¹, A. Garron ⁹⁸, F. Garufi ^32,4, P. A. Garver⁸⁹, C. Gasbarra ^21,22, B. Gateley², F. Gautier ²⁰⁸, V. Gayathri ¹⁰, T. Gayer⁷⁸, G. Gemme ²⁹, A. Gennai ⁸⁰, V. Gennari ¹⁰⁰, J. George¹⁰³, R. George ¹⁴⁷, O. Gerberding ⁹⁷, Archisman Ghosh ⁹⁴, L. Gergely ¹⁵³, Sayantan Ghosh¹⁹⁴, Shaon Ghosh ¹⁹², Shrobana Ghosh^8,9, Suprovo Ghosh ²⁰⁹, Tathagata Ghosh ⁷⁹, J. A. Giaime ^12,63, K. D. Giardina⁶³, D. R. Gibson²⁰⁰, C. Gier ⁵⁵, S. Gkaitatzis ^81,80, J. Glanzer ¹¹, F. Glotin ⁴¹, J. Godfrey⁷⁷, R. V. Godley^8,9, P. Godwin ¹¹, A. S. Goettel ³³, E. Goetz ¹¹⁴, J. Golomb¹¹, S. Gomez Lopez ^39,38, B. Goncharov ⁴⁴, G. González ¹², P. Goodarzi ²¹⁰, S. Goode⁶, A. W. Goodwin-Jones ¹⁵, M. Gosselin⁶², R. Gouaty ³¹, D. W. Gould³⁴, K. Govorkova³⁵, A. Grado ^76,51, V. Graham ⁸⁶, A. E. Granados ¹⁸, M. Granata ¹⁷⁵, V. Granata ^211,131, S. Gras³⁵, P. Grassia¹¹, J. Graves⁵⁷, C. Gray², R. Gray ⁸⁶, G. Greco⁵¹, A. C. Green ^37,107, L. Green²¹², S. M. Green⁷³, S. R. Green ²¹³, C. Greenberg¹³², A. M. Gretarsson⁶⁵, H. K. Griffin¹⁸, D. Griffith¹¹, H. L. Griggs ⁵⁷, G. Grignani^76,51, C. Grimaud ³¹, H. Grote ³³, S. Grunewald ¹, D. Guerra ¹³⁷, D. Guetta ²¹⁴, G. M. Guidi ^60,61, A. R. Guimaraes¹², H. K. Gulati⁹³, F. Gulminelli ^172,173, Anuradha Gupta ²¹⁵, H. Guo ¹⁴⁴, W. Guo ⁷², Y. Guo ^37,36, I. Gupta ⁷, N. C. Gupta⁹³, S. K. Gupta⁴⁶, V. Gupta ¹⁸, N. Gupte¹, J. Gurs⁹⁷, N. Gutierrez¹⁷⁵, N. Guttman⁶, F. Guzman ¹³⁰, D. Haba²¹⁶, M. Haberland ¹, S. Haino²¹⁷, E. D. Hall ³⁵, E. Z. Hamilton ⁹⁸, G. Hammond ⁸⁶, M. Haney³⁷, J. Hanks², C. Hanna ⁷, M. D. Hannam³³, O. A. Hannuksela ²¹⁸, A. G. Hanselman ¹²⁹, H. Hansen², J. Hanson⁶³, S. Hanumasagar⁵⁷, R. Harada⁴², A. R. Hardison¹⁸¹, S. Harikumar ¹⁸⁶, K. Haris^37,71, I. Harley-Trochimczyk¹³⁰, T. Harmark ¹³³, J. Harms ^44,45, G. M. Harry ²¹⁹, I. W. Harry ⁷³, J. Hart¹⁰⁴, B. Haskell^95,220,221, C. J. Haster ²¹², K. Haughian ⁸⁶, H. Hayakawa⁵⁰, K. Hayama²²², M. C. Heintze⁶³, J. Heinze ¹¹⁸, J. Heinzel³⁵, H. Heitmann ¹¹³, F. Hellman ²⁰⁶, A. F. Helmling-Cornell ⁷⁷, G. Hemming ⁶², O. Henderson-Sapir ¹¹⁵, M. Hendry ⁸⁶, I. S. Heng⁸⁶, M. H. Hennig ⁸⁶, C. Henshaw ⁵⁷, M. Heurs ^8,9, A. L. Hewitt ^223,224, J. Heynen¹⁵, J. Heyns³⁵, S. Higginbotham³³, S. Hild^36,37, S. Hill⁸⁶, Y. Himemoto ²²⁵, N. Hirata²⁵, C. Hirose²²⁶, D. Hofman¹⁷⁵, B. E. Hogan⁶⁵, N. A. Holland^37,107, I. J. Hollows ¹⁷⁴, D. E. Holz ¹²⁹, L. Honet¹¹¹, D. J. Horton-Bailey²⁰⁶, J. Hough ⁸⁶, S. Hourihane ¹¹, N. T. Howard¹⁴³, E. J. Howell ⁷², C. G. Hoy ⁷³, C. A. Hrishikesh²¹, P. Hsi³⁵, H.-F. Hsieh ¹⁴¹, H.-Y. Hsieh¹⁴¹, C. Hsiung²²⁷, S.-H. Hsu¹⁴⁵, W.-F. Hsu ¹⁰⁹, Q. Hu ⁸⁶, H. Y. Huang ¹⁴⁰, Y. Huang ⁷, Y. T. Huang⁷⁸, A. D. Huddart²²⁸, B. Hughey⁶⁵, V. Hui ³¹, S. Husa ⁹⁸, R. Huxford⁷, L. Iampieri ^39,38, G. A. Iandolo ³⁶, M. Ianni^22,21, G. Iannone ¹³¹, J. Iascau⁷⁷, K. Ide²²⁹, R. Iden²¹⁶, A. Ierardi^44,45, S. Ikeda¹⁴⁶, H. Imafuku⁴², Y. Inoue¹⁴⁰, G. Iorio ⁹¹, P. Iosif ^184,48, M. H. Iqbal³⁴, J. Irwin ⁸⁶, R. Ishikawa²²⁹, M. Isi ^319,191, K. S. Isleif ²³⁰, Y. Itoh ^204,231, M. Iwaya²⁰³, B. R. Iyer ²⁴, C. Jacquet¹⁰⁰, P.-E. Jacquet ¹²¹, T. Jacquot⁴¹, S. J. Jadhav²³², S. P. Jadhav ¹⁵⁴, M. Jain¹³², T. Jain²²³, A. L. James ¹¹, K. Jani ¹⁴³, J. Janquart ¹⁵, N. N. Janthalur²³², S. Jaraba ²³³, P. Jaranowski ²³⁴, R. Jaume ⁹⁸, W. Javed³³, A. Jennings², M. Jensen², W. Jia³⁵, J. Jiang ¹⁴⁹, H.-B. Jin ^235,236, G. R. Johns¹²², N. A. Johnson⁴⁶, M. C. Johnston ²¹², R. Johnston⁸⁶, N. Johny^8,9, D. H. Jones ³⁴, D. I. Jones²⁰⁹, R. Jones⁸⁶, H. E. Jose⁷⁷, P. Joshi ⁷, S. K. Joshi⁷⁹, G. Joubert⁵⁶, J. Ju²³⁷, L. Ju ⁷², K. Jung ²³⁸, J. Junker ³⁴, V. Juste¹¹¹, H. B. Kabagoz ^63,35, T. Kajita ²³⁹, I. Kaku²⁰⁴, V. Kalogera ⁹⁶, M. Kalomenopoulos ²¹², M. Kamiizumi ⁵⁰, N. Kanda ^231,204, S. Kandhasamy ⁷⁹, G. Kang ²⁴⁰, N. C. Kannachel⁶, J. B. Kanner¹¹, S. A. KantiMahanty¹⁸, S. J. Kapadia ⁷⁹, D. P. Kapasi ⁵⁴, M. Karthikeyan¹³², M. Kasprzack ¹¹, H. Kato¹⁵¹, T. Kato²⁰³, E. Katsavounidis³⁵, W. Katzman⁶³, R. Kaushik ¹⁰³, K. Kawabe², R. Kawamoto²⁰⁴, D. Keitel ⁹⁸, L. J. Kemperman ¹¹⁵, J. Kennington ⁷, F. A. Kerkow¹⁸, R. Kesharwani ⁷⁹, J. S. Key ²⁴¹, R. Khadela^8,9, S. Khadka⁸⁹, S. S. Khadkikar⁷, F. Y. Khalili ¹⁰⁸, F. Khan ^8,9, T. Khanam¹⁶², M. Khursheed¹⁰³, N. M. Khusid^190,191, W. Kiendrebeogo ^113,242, N. Kijbunchoo ¹¹⁵, C. Kim²⁴³, J. C. Kim²⁴⁴, K. Kim ²⁴⁵, M. H. Kim ²³⁷, S. Kim ²⁴⁶, Y.-M. Kim ²⁴⁵, C. Kimball ⁹⁶, K. Kimes⁵⁴, M. Kinnear³³, J. S. Kissel ², S. Klimenko⁴⁶, A. M. Knee ¹¹⁴, E. J. Knox⁷⁷, N. Knust ^8,9, K. Kobayashi²⁰³, S. M. Koehlenbeck ⁸⁹, G. Koekoek^37,36, K. Kohri ^247,248, K. Kokeyama ^33,249, S. Koley ^44,165, P. Kolitsidou ¹¹⁸, A. E. Koloniari ²⁵⁰, K. Komori ⁴², A. K. H. Kong ¹⁴¹, A. Kontos ²⁵¹, L. M. Koponen¹¹⁸, M. Korobko ⁹⁷, X. Kou¹⁸, A. Koushik ²³, N. Kouvatsos ⁶⁷, M. Kovalam⁷², T. Koyama¹⁵¹, D. B. Kozak¹¹, A. Królak ^253,186, S. L. Kranzhoff^36,37, V. Kringel^8,9, N. V. Krishnendu ¹¹⁸, S. Kroker²⁵², K. Kruska^8,9, J. Kubisz ²⁵⁴, G. Kuehn^8,9, S. Kulkarni ²¹⁵, A. Kulur Ramamohan ³⁴, Achal Kumar⁴⁶, Anil Kumar²³², Praveen Kumar ¹⁷⁷, Prayush Kumar ²⁴, Rahul Kumar², Rakesh Kumar⁹³, J. Kume ^255,256,42, K. Kuns ³⁵, N. Kuntimaddi³³, S. Kuroyanagi ^207,257, S. Kuwahara ⁴², K. Kwak ²³⁸, K. Kwan³⁴, S. Kwon ⁴², H. Lück^9,8, G. Lacaille⁸⁶, D. Laghi ^188,100, A. H. Laity¹⁶³, E. Lalande²⁵⁸, M. Lalleman ²³, P. C. Lalremruati²⁵⁹, M. Landry², B. B. Lane³⁵, R. N. Lang ³⁵, J. Lange¹⁴⁷, R. Langgin ²¹², B. Lantz ⁸⁹, J. Larsen¹⁹⁹, A. Lartaux-Vollard ⁴¹, P. D. Lasky ⁶, J. Lawrence ¹⁶⁴, M. Laxen ⁶³, C. Lazarte ¹³⁷, A. Lazzarini ¹¹, C. Lazzaro^156,155, I. La Rosa ⁹⁸, P. Leaci ^39,38, L. Leali¹⁸, Y. K. Lecoeuche ¹¹⁴, H. M. Lee ²⁶⁰, H. W. Lee ²⁶¹, J. Lee⁷⁸, K. Lee ²³⁷, R.-K. Lee ¹⁴¹, R. Lee³⁵, Sungho Lee ²⁴⁵, Sunjae Lee²³⁷, Y. Lee¹⁴⁰, I. N. Legred¹¹, J. Lehmann^8,9, L. Lehner¹⁸², A. Lemaître ²⁶², M. Lenti ^61,176, M. Leonardi ^74,75,263, M. Lequime⁴⁰, N. Leroy ⁴¹, M. Lesovsky¹¹, N. Letendre³¹, M. Lethuillier ⁵⁶, Y. Levin⁶, K. Leyde⁷³, M. Le Jean ^175,116, A. K. Y. Li¹¹, K. L. Li ²⁶⁴, T. G. F. Li¹⁰⁹, X. Li ¹⁴⁸, Y. Li⁹⁶, Z. Li⁸⁶, A. Lihos¹²², E. T. Lin ¹⁴¹, F. Lin¹⁴⁰, L. C.-C. Lin ²⁶⁴, Y.-C. Lin ¹⁴¹, C. Lindsay²⁰⁰, S. D. Linker¹⁸⁰, A. Liu ²¹⁸, G. C. Liu ²²⁷, Jian Liu ⁷², F. Llamas Villarreal¹⁶⁴, J. Llobera-Querol ⁹⁸, R. K. L. Lo ¹³⁹, J.-P. Locquet¹⁰⁹, S. C. G. Loggins²⁶⁵, M. R. Loizou¹³², L. T. London⁶⁷, A. Longo ^60,61, D. Lopez ¹⁶⁵, M. Lopez Portilla⁷¹, M. Lorenzini ^21,22, A. Lorenzo-Medina ¹⁷⁷, V. Loriette⁴¹, M. Lormand⁶³, G. Losurdo ^266,80, E. Lotti¹³², T. P. Lott, IV ⁵⁷, J. D. Lough ^8,9, H. A. Loughlin³⁵, C. O. Lousto ¹¹⁰, N. Low¹²³, N. Lu ³⁴, L. Lucchesi ⁸⁰, D. Lumaca ²², A. P. Lundgren ^267,268, A. W. Lussier ²⁵⁸, J. R. Mérou ⁹⁸, R. Macas ⁷³, M. MacInnis³⁵, D. M. Macleod ³³, I. A. O. MacMillan ¹¹, A. Macquet ⁴¹, K. Maeda¹⁵¹, S. Maenaut ¹⁰⁹, S. S. Magare⁷⁹, R. M. Magee ¹¹, E. Maggio ¹, R. Maggiore^37,107, M. Magnozzi ^29,30, M. Mahesh⁹⁷, M. Maini¹⁶³, S. Majhi⁷⁹, E. Majorana^39,38, C. N. Makarem¹¹, N. Malagon ¹¹⁰, D. Malakar ¹⁰⁵, J. A. Malaquias-Reis¹⁹, U. Mali ¹⁸⁹, S. Maliakal¹¹, A. Malik¹⁰³, L. Mallick ^168,189, A.-K. Malz ⁵⁸, N. Man¹¹³, M. Mancarella ⁹⁹, V. Mandic ¹⁸, V. Mangano ^170,155, N. Manning ¹¹⁰, B. Mannix⁷⁷, G. L. Mansell ⁷⁸, M. Manske ¹⁰, M. Mantovani ⁶², M. Mapelli ^91,92,269, C. Marinelli ¹⁰¹, F. Marion ³¹, A. S. Markosyan⁸⁹, A. Markowitz¹¹, E. Maros¹¹, S. Marsat ¹⁰⁰, F. Martelli ^60,61, I. W. Martin ⁸⁶, R. M. Martin ¹⁹², B. B. Martinez¹³⁰, D. A. Martinez⁵⁴, M. Martinez^43,270, V. Martinez ¹²⁸, A. Martini^74,75, J. C. Martins ¹⁹, D. V. Martynov¹¹⁸, E. J. Marx³⁵, L. Massaro^36,37, A. Masserot³¹, M. Masso-Reid ⁸⁶, S. Mastrogiovanni ³⁸, T. Matcovich ⁵¹, M. Matiushechkina ^8,9, L. Maurin²⁰⁸, N. Mavalvala ³⁵, N. Maxwell², G. McCarrol⁶³, R. McCarthy², D. E. McClelland ³⁴, S. McCormick⁶³, L. McCuller ¹¹, S. McEachin¹²², C. McElhenny¹²², G. I. McGhee ⁸⁶, J. McGinn⁸⁶, K. B. M. McGowan¹⁴³, J. McIver ¹¹⁴, A. McLeod ⁷², I. McMahon ¹⁸⁸, T. McRae³⁴, R. McTeague ⁸⁶, D. Meacher ¹⁰, B. N. Meagher⁷⁸, R. Mechum¹¹⁰, Q. Meijer⁷¹, A. Melatos¹²³, C. S. Menoni ¹³⁶, F. Mera², R. A. Mercer ¹⁰, L. Mereni¹⁷⁵, K. Merfeld¹⁶², E. L. Merilh⁶³, J. D. Merritt⁷⁷, M. Merzougui¹¹³, C. Messick ¹⁰, B. Mestichelli⁴⁴, M. Meyer-Conde ²⁷¹, F. Meylahn ^8,9, A. Mhaske⁷⁹, A. Miani ^74,75, H. Miao²⁷², C. Michel ¹⁷⁵, Y. Michimura ⁴², H. Middleton ¹¹⁸, D. P. Mihaylov ¹⁰⁴, S. J. Miller ¹¹, M. Millhouse ⁵⁷, E. Milotti ^184,48, V. Milotti ⁹¹, Y. Minenkov²², E. M. Minihan⁶⁵, Ll. M. Mir ⁴³, L. Mirasola ^155,156, M. Miravet-Tenés ¹³⁷, C.-A. Miritescu ⁴³, A. Mishra²⁴, C. Mishra ¹⁰⁶, T. Mishra ⁴⁶, A. L. Mitchell^37,107, J. G. Mitchell⁶⁵, K. Mitman¹²⁰, S. Mitra ⁷⁹, V. P. Mitrofanov ¹⁰⁸, K. Mitsuhashi²⁵, R. Mittleman³⁵, O. Miyakawa ⁵⁰, S. Miyoki ⁵⁰, A. Miyoko⁶⁵, G. Mo ³⁵, L. Mobilia ^60,61, S. R. P. Mohapatra¹¹, S. R. Mohite ⁷, M. Molina-Ruiz ²⁰⁶, M. Mondin¹⁸⁰, M. Montani^60,61, C. J. Moore²²³, D. Moraru², A. More ⁷⁹, S. More ⁷⁹, C. Moreno ¹³⁴, E. A. Moreno ³⁵, G. Moreno², A. Moreso Serra⁸², S. Morisaki ^42,203, Y. Moriwaki ¹⁵¹, G. Morras ²⁰⁷, A. Moscatello ⁹¹, M. Mould ³⁵, B. Mours ⁶⁴, C. M. Mow-Lowry ^37,107, L. Muccillo ^176,61, F. Muciaccia ^39,38, D. Mukherjee ¹¹⁸, Samanwaya Mukherjee²⁴, Soma Mukherjee¹⁶⁴, Subroto Mukherjee⁹³, Suvodip Mukherjee ¹³, N. Mukund ³⁵, A. Mullavey⁶³, H. Mullock¹¹⁴, J. Mundi²¹⁹, C. L. Mungioli⁷², M. Murakoshi²²⁹, P. G. Murray ⁸⁶, D. Nabari ^74,75, S. L. Nadji^8,9, A. Nagar^28,273, N. Nagarajan ⁸⁶, K. Nakagaki⁵⁰, K. Nakamura ²⁵, H. Nakano ²⁷⁴, M. Nakano¹¹, D. Nanadoumgar-Lacroze ⁴³, D. Nandi¹², V. Napolano⁶², P. Narayan ²¹⁵, I. Nardecchia ²², T. Narikawa²⁰³, H. Narola⁷¹, L. Naticchioni ³⁸, R. K. Nayak ²⁵⁹, L. Negri⁷¹, A. Nela⁸⁶, C. Nelle⁷⁷, A. Nelson ¹³⁰, T. J. N. Nelson⁶³, M. Nery^8,9, A. Neunzert ², S. Ng⁵⁴, L. Nguyen Quynh ²⁷⁵, S. A. Nichols¹², A. B. Nielsen ²⁷⁶, Y. Nishino^25,42, A. Nishizawa ²⁷⁷, S. Nissanke^278,37, W. Niu ⁷, F. Nocera⁶², J. Noller²⁷⁹, M. Norman³³, C. North³³, J. Novak ^116,233,280, R. Nowicki ¹⁴³, J. F. Nuño Siles ²⁰⁷, L. K. Nuttall ⁷³, J. O’Dell²²⁸, T. O’Hanlon⁶³, B. O’Neal¹²², B. O’Reilly ⁶³, R. O’Shaughnessy ¹¹⁰, S. O’Shea⁸⁶, K. Obayashi²²⁹, J. Oberling ², E. Oelker ³⁵, M. Oertel ^{233,116,281,280}, G. Oganesyan^44,45, M. Ohashi ⁵⁰, F. Ohme ^8,9, R. Oliveri ^116,281,280, R. Omer¹⁸, M. Onishi¹⁵¹, K. Oohara ²⁸², M. Orselli ^51,76, S. Oshino ⁵⁰, C. Osthelder¹¹, I. Ota ¹², D. J. Ottaway ¹¹⁵, A. Ouzriat⁵⁶, H. Overmier⁶³, B. J. Owen ²⁸³, R. Ozaki²²⁹, M. Pürrer ¹⁶³, M. Pálfi²⁰², C. Périgois ^289,92,91, A. E. Pace ⁷, R. Pagano ¹², M. A. Page ²⁵, A. Pai ¹⁹⁴, L. Paiella⁴⁴, A. Pal²⁸⁴, S. Pal ²⁵⁹, M. A. Palaia ^80,81, P. P. Palma^39,21,22, C. Palomba ³⁸, P. Palud ²⁰, H. Pan¹⁴¹, J. Pan⁷², K. C. Pan ¹⁴¹, P. K. Panda²³², Shiksha Pandey⁷, Swadha Pandey³⁵, P. T. H. Pang^37,71, F. Pannarale ^39,38, K. A. Pannone⁵⁴, B. C. Pant¹⁰³, F. H. Panther⁷², M. Panzeri^60,61, F. Paoletti ⁸⁰, A. Paolone ^38,285, A. Papadopoulos ⁸⁶, E. E. Papalexakis²¹⁰, L. Papalini ^80,81, G. Papigkiotis ²⁵⁰, A. Paquis⁴¹, A. Parisi ^76,51, B.-J. Park²⁴⁵, J. Park ²⁸⁶, W. Parker ⁶³, G. Pascale^8,9, D. Pascucci ⁹⁴, A. Pasqualetti ⁶², R. Passaquieti ^81,80, L. Passenger⁶, D. Passuello⁸⁰, O. Patane ², A. V. Patel ¹⁴⁰, D. Pathak⁷⁹, A. Patra³³, B. Patricelli ^81,80, B. G. Patterson³³, K. Paul ¹⁰⁶, S. Paul ⁷⁷, E. Payne ¹¹, F. E. Peña Arellano ²⁸⁷, T. Pearce³³, M. Pedraza¹¹, A. Pele ¹¹, X. Peng¹¹⁸, Y. Peng⁵⁷, S. Penn ²⁸⁸, M. D. Penuliar⁵⁴, A. Perego ^74,75, Z. Pereira¹³², G. Perna ⁹¹, A. Perreca ^74,75,44, J. Perret ²⁰, S. Perriès ⁵⁶, J. W. Perry^37,107, D. Pesios²⁵⁰, S. Peters¹⁶⁵, S. Petracca²⁰⁵, C. Petrillo⁷⁶, H. P. Pfeiffer ¹, H. Pham⁶³, K. A. Pham ¹⁸, K. S. Phukon ¹¹⁸, H. Phurailatpam²¹⁸, M. Piarulli¹⁰⁰, L. Piccari ^39,38, O. J. Piccinni ³⁴, M. Pichot ¹¹³, M. Piendibene ^81,80, F. Piergiovanni ^60,61, L. Pierini ³⁸, G. Pierra ³⁸, V. Pierro ^290,131, M. Pietrzak⁹⁵, M. Pillas ¹⁶⁵, F. Pilo ⁸⁰, L. Pinard ¹⁷⁵, I. M. Pinto ^{290,131,291,32}, M. Pinto ⁶², B. J. Piotrzkowski ¹⁰, M. Pirello², M. D. Pitkin ^223,86, A. Placidi ⁵¹, E. Placidi ^39,38, M. L. Planas ⁹⁸, W. Plastino ^211,22, C. Plunkett ³⁵, R. Poggiani ^81,80, E. Polini³⁵, J. Pomper^80,81, L. Pompili ¹, J. Poon²¹⁸, E. Porcelli³⁷, E. K. Porter²⁰, C. Posnansky ⁷, R. Poulton ⁶², J. Powell ¹⁵⁴, G. S. Prabhu⁷⁹, M. Pracchia ¹⁶⁵, B. K. Pradhan ⁷⁹, T. Pradier ⁶⁴, A. K. Prajapati⁹³, V. Prasad ⁷, K. Prasai ²⁹², R. Prasanna²³², P. Prasia⁷⁹, G. Pratten ¹¹⁸, G. Principe ^184,48, G. A. Prodi ^74,75, P. Prosperi⁸⁰, P. Prosposito^21,22, A. C. Providence⁶⁵, A. Puecher ¹, J. Pullin ¹², P. Puppo³⁸, H. Qi ¹⁶, J. Qin ³⁴, G. Quéméner ^173,116, V. Quetschke¹⁶⁴, P. J. Quinonez⁶⁵, N. Qutob⁵⁷, R. Rading²³⁰, I. Rainho¹³⁷, S. Raja¹⁰³, C. Rajan¹⁰³, B. Rajbhandari ¹¹⁰, K. E. Ramirez ⁶³, F. A. Ramis Vidal ⁹⁸, A. Ramos-Buades ^98,37, M. Ramos Arevalo ¹⁶⁴, S. Ranjan ⁵⁷, K. Ransom⁶³, P. Rapagnani ^39,38, B. Ratto⁶⁵, A. Ravichandran¹³², A. Ray ⁹⁶, V. Raymond ³³, M. Razzano ^81,80, J. Read⁵⁴, T. Regimbau³¹, S. Reid⁵⁵, C. Reissel³⁵, D. H. Reitze ¹¹, A. Renzini ¹²⁶, B. Revenu ^293,41, A. Revilla Peña⁸², R. Reyes¹⁸⁰, L. Ricca ¹⁵, F. Ricci ^39,38, M. Ricci ^38,39, A. Ricciardone ^81,80, J. Rice⁷⁸, J. W. Richardson ²¹⁰, M. L. Richardson¹¹⁵, A. Rijal⁶⁵, K. Riles ⁹⁰, H. K. Riley³³, S. Rinaldi ²⁶⁹, J. Rittmeyer⁹⁷, C. Robertson²²⁸, F. Robinet⁴¹, M. Robinson², A. Rocchi ²², L. Rolland ³¹, J. G. Rollins ¹¹, A. E. Romano ²⁹⁴, R. Romano ^3,4, A. Romero ³¹, I. M. Romero-Shaw²²³, J. H. Romie⁶³, S. Ronchini ⁷, T. J. Roocke ¹¹⁵, L. Rosa^4,32, T. J. Rosauer²¹⁰, C. A. Rose⁵⁷, D. Rosińska ¹²⁴, M. P. Ross ⁵³, M. Rossello-Sastre ⁹⁸, S. Rowan ⁸⁶, S. K. Roy ^190,191, S. Roy ¹⁵, D. Rozza ^126,127, P. Ruggi⁶², N. Ruhama²³⁸, K. Ruiz-Rocha¹⁴³, E. Ruiz Morales ^295,207, E. M. Sänger ¹, S. Sachdev ⁵⁷, T. Sadecki², P. Saffarieh ^37,107, S. Safi-Harb ¹⁶⁸, M. R. Sah ¹³, S. Saha ¹⁴¹, T. Sainrat ⁶⁴, S. Sajith Menon ^214,39,38, K. Sakai²⁹⁶, Y. Sakai ²⁷¹, M. Sakellariadou ⁶⁷, S. Sakon ⁷, O. S. Salafia ^158,127,126, F. Salces-Carcoba ¹¹, L. Salconi⁶², M. Saleem ¹⁴⁷, F. Salemi ^39,38, M. Sallé ³⁷, S. U. Salunkhe⁷⁹, S. Salvador ^173,172, A. Salvarese¹⁴⁷, A. Samajdar ^71,37, A. Sanchez², E. J. Sanchez¹¹, L. E. Sanchez¹¹, N. Sanchis-Gual ¹³⁷, J. R. Sanders¹⁸¹, F. Santoliquido ^44,45, F. Sarandrea²⁸, T. R. Saravanan⁷⁹, N. Sarin⁶, P. Sarkar^8,9, A. Sasli ²⁵⁰, P. Sassi ^51,76, B. Sassolas ¹⁷⁵, B. S. Sathyaprakash ^7,33, R. Sato²²⁶, S. Sato¹⁵¹, Yukino Sato¹⁵¹, Yu Sato¹⁵¹, O. Sauter ⁴⁶, R. L. Savage ², T. Sawada ⁵⁰, H. L. Sawant⁷⁹, S. Sayah¹⁷⁵, V. Scacco^21,22, D. Schaetzl¹¹, M. Scheel¹⁴⁸, A. Schiebelbein¹⁸⁹, M. G. Schiworski ⁷⁸, P. Schmidt ¹¹⁸, S. Schmidt ⁷¹, R. Schnabel ⁹⁷, M. Schneewind^8,9, R. M. S. Schofield⁷⁷, K. Schouteden ¹⁰⁹, B. W. Schulte^8,9, B. F. Schutz^33,8,9, E. Schwartz ²⁹⁷, M. Scialpi ²⁹⁸, J. Scott ⁸⁶, S. M. Scott ³⁴, R. M. Sedas ⁶³, T. C. Seetharamu⁸⁶, M. Seglar-Arroyo ⁴³, Y. Sekiguchi ²⁹⁹, D. Sellers⁶³, N. Sembo²⁰⁴, A. S. Sengupta ³⁰⁰, E. G. Seo ⁸⁶, J. W. Seo ¹⁰⁹, V. Sequino^32,4, M. Serra ³⁸, A. Sevrin¹⁸⁷, T. Shaffer², U. S. Shah ⁵⁷, M. A. Shaikh ²⁶⁰, L. Shao ³⁰¹, A. K. Sharma ⁹⁸, Preeti Sharma¹², Prianka Sharma¹⁰³, Ritwik Sharma¹⁸, S. Sharma Chaudhary¹⁰⁵, P. Shawhan ¹²⁵, N. S. Shcheblanov ^302,262, E. Sheridan¹⁴³, Z.-H. Shi¹⁴¹, M. Shikauchi⁴², R. Shimomura³⁰³, H. Shinkai ³⁰³, S. Shirke⁷⁹, D. H. Shoemaker ³⁵, D. M. Shoemaker ¹⁴⁷, R. W. Short², S. ShyamSundar¹⁰³, A. Sider¹⁵⁷, H. Siegel ^190,191, D. Sigg ², L. Silenzi ^36,37, L. Silvestri ^39,169, M. Simmonds¹¹⁵, Amitesh Singh²¹⁵, Anika Singh¹¹, L. P. Singer ³⁰⁴, D. Singh ²⁰⁶, N. Singh ⁹⁸, S. Singh^216,59, A. M. Sintes ⁹⁸, V. Sipala^170,155, V. Skliris ³³, B. J. J. Slagmolen ³⁴, D. A. Slater¹⁹⁹, T. J. Slaven-Blair⁷², J. Smetana¹¹⁸, J. R. Smith ⁵⁴, L. Smith ^86,184,48, R. J. E. Smith ⁶, W. J. Smith ¹⁴³, M. Soares-Santos¹⁸⁸, S. Soares de Albuquerque Filho⁶⁰, K. Somiya ²¹⁶, I. Song ¹⁴¹, S. Soni ³⁵, V. Sordini ⁵⁶, F. Sorrentino²⁹, H. Sotani ³⁰⁵, F. Spada ⁸⁰, V. Spagnuolo ³⁷, A. P. Spencer ⁸⁶, P. Spinicelli ⁶², A. K. Srivastava⁹³, F. Stachurski ⁸⁶, C. J. Stark¹²², D. A. Steer ³⁰⁶, N. Steinle ¹⁶⁸, J. Steinlechner^36,37, S. Steinlechner ^36,37, N. Stergioulas ²⁵⁰, P. Stevens⁴¹, S. Stevenson ¹⁵⁴, M. StPierre¹⁶³, M. D. Strong¹², A. Strunk², A. L. Stuver ^102,a, M. Suchenek⁹⁵, S. Sudhagar ⁹⁵, Y. Sudo²²⁹, N. Sueltmann⁹⁷, L. Suleiman ⁵⁴, K. D. Sullivan¹², J. Sun ²⁴⁰, L. Sun ³⁴, S. Sunil⁹³, J. Suresh ¹¹³, B. J. Sutton⁶⁷, P. J. Sutton ³³, K. Suzuki²¹⁶, M. Suzuki²⁰³, B. L. Swinkels ³⁷, A. Syx ¹¹⁶, M. J. Szczepańczyk ³⁰⁷, P. Szewczyk ¹²⁴, M. Tacca ³⁷, H. Tagoshi ²⁰³, K. Takada²⁰³, H. Takahashi ²⁷¹, R. Takahashi ²⁵, A. Takamori ⁴², S. Takano ³⁰⁸, H. Takeda ^309,310, K. Takeshita²¹⁶, I. Takimoto Schmiegelow^44,45, M. Takou-Ayaoh⁷⁸, C. Talbot¹²⁹, M. Tamaki²⁰³, N. Tamanini ¹⁰⁰, D. Tanabe¹⁴⁰, K. Tanaka⁵⁰, S. J. Tanaka ²²⁹, S. Tanioka ³³, D. B. Tanner⁴⁶, W. Tanner^8,9, L. Tao ²¹⁰, R. D. Tapia⁷, E. N. Tapia San Martín ³⁷, C. Taranto^21,22, A. Taruya ³¹¹, J. D. Tasson ¹⁵², J. G. Tau ¹¹⁰, D. Tellez⁵⁴, R. Tenorio ⁹⁸, S. A. Teukolsky ¹²⁰, H. Themann¹⁸⁰, A. Theodoropoulos ¹³⁷, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam⁷⁹, L. M. Thomas ¹¹, M. Thomas⁶³, P. Thomas², J. E. Thompson ²⁰⁹, S. R. Thondapu¹⁰³, K. A. Thorne⁶³, K. S. Thorne¹⁴⁸, E. Thrane ⁶, J. Tissino ^44,45, A. Tiwari⁷⁹, Pawan Tiwari⁴⁴, Praveer Tiwari¹⁹⁴, S. Tiwari ¹⁸⁸, V. Tiwari ¹¹⁸, M. R. Todd⁷⁸, M. Toffano⁹¹, A. M. Toivonen ¹⁸, K. Toland ⁸⁶, A. E. Tolley ⁷³, T. Tomaru ²⁵, V. Tommasini¹¹, T. Tomura ⁵⁰, H. Tong ⁶, C. Tong-Yu¹⁴⁰, A. Torres-Forné ^137,138, C. I. Torrie¹¹, I. Tosta e Melo ³¹², E. Tournefier ³¹, M. Trad Nery¹¹³, K. Tran¹²², A. Trapananti ^52,51, R. Travaglini ¹⁶⁷, F. Travasso ^52,51, G. Traylor⁶³, M. Trevor¹²⁵, M. C. Tringali ⁶², A. Tripathee ⁹⁰, G. Troian ^184,48, A. Trovato ^184,48, L. Trozzo⁴, R. J. Trudeau¹¹, T. Tsang ³³, S. Tsuchida ³¹³, L. Tsukada ²¹², K. Turbang ^187,23, M. Turconi ¹¹³, C. Turski⁹⁴, H. Ubach ^82,83, N. Uchikata ²⁰³, T. Uchiyama ⁵⁰, R. P. Udall ¹¹, T. Uehara ³¹⁴, K. Ueno ⁴², V. Undheim ²⁷⁶, L. E. Uronen²¹⁸, T. Ushiba ⁵⁰, M. Vacatello ^80,81, H. Vahlbruch ^8,9, N. Vaidya ¹¹, G. Vajente ¹¹, A. Vajpeyi⁶, J. Valencia ⁹⁸, M. Valentini ^107,37, S. A. Vallejo-Peña ²⁹⁴, S. Vallero²⁸, V. Valsan ¹⁰, K. Vandra¹⁰², M. VanDyke¹¹⁹, J. Vanier²⁵⁸, M. VanKeuren¹⁰⁴, J. Vanosky², M. van Dael ^37,315, E. Van den Bossche ¹⁸⁷, J. F. J. van den Brand ^36,107,37, C. Van Den Broeck^71,37, M. van der Sluys ^37,71, A. Van de Walle⁴¹, J. van Dongen ^37,107, H. van Haevermaet ²³, J. V. van Heijningen ^37,107, P. Van Hove ⁶⁴, N. van Remortel ²³, M. Vardaro^36,37, A. F. Vargas ¹²³, V. Varma ¹³², A. N. Vazquez⁸⁹, A. Vecchio ¹¹⁸, G. Vedovato⁹², J. Veitch ⁸⁶, P. J. Veitch ¹¹⁵, S. Venikoudis¹⁵, R. C. Venterea ¹⁸, P. Verdier ⁵⁶, M. Vereecken¹⁵, D. Verkindt ³¹, B. Verma¹³², Y. Verma ¹⁰³, S. M. Vermeulen ¹¹, F. Vetrano⁶⁰, A. Veutro ^38,39, A. Viceré ^60,61, S. Vidyant⁷⁸, A. D. Viets ⁸⁸, A. Vijaykumar ¹⁸⁹, A. Vilkha¹¹⁰, V. Villa-Ortega ¹⁷⁷, N. Villanueva Espinosa¹³⁷, E. T. Vincent ⁵⁷, J.-Y. Vinet¹¹³, S. Viret⁵⁶, S. Vitale ³⁵, H. Vocca ^76,51, D. Voigt ⁹⁷, E. R. G. von Reis², J. S. A. von Wrangel^8,9, W. E. Vossius²³⁰, L. Vujeva ¹³⁹, S. P. Vyatchanin ¹⁰⁸, J. Wack¹¹, L. E. Wade¹⁰⁴, M. Wade ¹⁰⁴, K. J. Wagner ¹¹⁰, R. M. Wald ¹²⁹, L. Wallace¹¹, E. J. Wang⁸⁹, H. Wang ²¹⁶, J. Z. Wang⁹⁰, W. H. Wang¹⁶⁴, Y. F. Wang ¹, G. Waratkar ¹⁹⁴, J. Warner², M. Was ³¹, T. Washimi ²⁵, N. Y. Washington¹¹, D. Watarai⁴², B. Weaver², S. A. Webster⁸⁶, N. L. Weickhardt ⁹⁷, M. Weinert^8,9, A. J. Weinstein ¹¹, R. Weiss^35,a, L. Wen ⁷², K. Wette ³⁴, J. T. Whelan ¹¹⁰, B. F. Whiting ⁴⁶, C. Whittle ¹¹, E. G. Wickens⁷³, D. Wilken ^8,9, A. T. Wilkin²¹⁰, B. M. Williams¹¹⁹, D. Williams ⁸⁶, M. J. Williams ⁷³, N. S. Williams ¹, J. L. Willis ¹¹, B. Willke ^9,8, M. Wils ¹⁰⁹, L. Wilson¹⁰⁴, C. W. Winborn¹⁰⁵, J. Winterflood⁷², C. C. Wipf¹¹, G. Woan ⁸⁶, J. Woehler^36,37, N. E. Wolfe³⁵, H. T. Wong ¹⁴⁰, I. C. F. Wong ^218,109, K. Wong¹⁸⁹, T. Wouters^71,37, J. L. Wright², M. Wright ^86,71, B. Wu⁷⁸, C. Wu ¹⁴¹, D. S. Wu ^8,9, H. Wu ¹⁴¹, K. Wu¹¹⁹, Q. Wu⁵³, Y. Wu⁹⁶, Z. Wu ¹⁰⁰, E. Wuchner⁵⁴, D. M. Wysocki ¹⁰, V. A. Xu ²⁰⁶, Y. Xu ⁹⁸, N. Yadav ²⁸, H. Yamamoto ¹¹, K. Yamamoto ¹⁵¹, T. S. Yamamoto ⁴², T. Yamamoto ⁵⁰, R. Yamazaki ²²⁹, T. Yan¹¹⁸, K. Z. Yang ¹⁸, Y. Yang ¹⁴⁵, Z. Yarbrough ¹², J. Yebana⁹⁸, S.-W. Yeh¹⁴¹, A. B. Yelikar ¹⁴³, X. Yin³⁵, J. Yokoyama ^316,42, T. Yokozawa⁵⁰, S. Yuan⁷², H. Yuzurihara ⁵⁰, M. Zanolin⁶⁵, M. Zeeshan ¹¹⁰, T. Zelenova⁶², J.-P. Zendri⁹², M. Zeoli ¹⁵, M. Zerrad⁴⁰, M. Zevin ⁹⁶, L. Zhang¹¹, N. Zhang⁵⁷, R. Zhang ¹⁴⁹, T. Zhang¹¹⁸, C. Zhao ⁷², Yue Zhao¹⁶¹, Yuhang Zhao²⁰, Z.-C. Zhao ³¹⁷, Y. Zheng ¹⁰⁵, H. Zhong ¹⁸, H. Zhou⁷⁸, H. O. Zhu⁷², Z.-H. Zhu ^317,318, A. B. Zimmerman ¹⁴⁷, L. Zimmermann⁵⁶, M. E. Zucker ^35,11, and J. Zweizig ¹¹ (LIGO Scientific, Virgo, and KAGRA Collaborations^‡)

¹Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
²LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
³Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
⁴INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
⁵University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
⁶OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
⁷The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
⁸Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
⁹Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
¹⁰University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
¹¹LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹²Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
¹³Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
¹⁴Centre de Physique Théorique, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 163 Av. de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
¹⁵Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
¹⁶Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
¹⁷University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
¹⁸University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
¹⁹Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
²⁰Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France
²¹Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
²²INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
²³Universiteit Antwerpen, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
²⁴International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
²⁵Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁶Advanced Technology Center, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁷Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
²⁸INFN Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
²⁹INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
³⁰Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
³¹Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules - IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
³²Università di Napoli “Federico II”, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
³³Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
³⁴OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
³⁵LIGO Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
³⁶Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
³⁷Nikhef, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
³⁸INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
³⁹Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma, Italy
⁴⁰Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Med, Institut Fresnel, F-13013 Marseille, France
⁴¹Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
⁴²University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
⁴³Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁴⁴Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
⁴⁵INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
⁴⁶University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
⁴⁷Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Informatiche e Fisiche, Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
⁴⁸INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁹Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
⁵⁰Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
⁵¹INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⁵²Università di Camerino, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
⁵³University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
⁵⁴California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
⁵⁵SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
⁵⁶Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon / IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁵⁷Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
⁵⁸Royal Holloway, University of London, London TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
⁵⁹Astronomical course, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
⁶⁰Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
⁶¹INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
⁶²European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy
⁶³LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
⁶⁴Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
⁶⁵Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301, USA
⁶⁶Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
⁶⁷King’s College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
⁶⁸Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
⁶⁹International College, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
⁷⁰Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
⁷¹Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
⁷²OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
⁷³University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
⁷⁴Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
⁷⁵INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
⁷⁶Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⁷⁷University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
⁷⁸Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
⁷⁹Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
⁸⁰INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
⁸¹Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
⁸²Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁸³Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franqués, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁴Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, c. Gran Capità, 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁵Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università di Salerno, I-84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
⁸⁶IGR, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
⁸⁷HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
⁸⁸Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI 53097, USA
⁸⁹Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
⁹⁰University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
⁹¹Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁹²INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁹³Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
⁹⁴Universiteit Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
⁹⁵Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
⁹⁶Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
⁹⁷Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
⁹⁸IAC3–IEEC, Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
⁹⁹Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Marseille, France
¹⁰⁰Laboratoire des 2 Infinis - Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
¹⁰¹Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, I-53100 Siena, Italy
¹⁰²Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
¹⁰³RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
¹⁰⁴Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022, USA
¹⁰⁵Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
¹⁰⁶Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
¹⁰⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
¹⁰⁸Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
¹⁰⁹Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
¹¹⁰Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
¹¹¹Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
¹¹²Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
¹¹³Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Artemis, F-06304 Nice, France
¹¹⁴University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
¹¹⁵OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
¹¹⁶Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 75016 Paris, France
¹¹⁷Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON - UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
¹¹⁸University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
¹¹⁹Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
¹²⁰Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
¹²¹Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
¹²²Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
¹²³OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
¹²⁴Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
¹²⁵University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
¹²⁶Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
¹²⁷INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
¹²⁸Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹²⁹University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
¹³⁰University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
¹³¹INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
¹³²University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
¹³³Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, 2100 København, Denmark
¹³⁴Universidad de Guadalajara, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
¹³⁵Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali di Roma, 00133 Roma, Italy
¹³⁶Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
¹³⁷Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
¹³⁸Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
¹³⁹Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Kóbenhavn, Denmark
¹⁴⁰National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan
¹⁴¹National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
¹⁴²OzGrav, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
¹⁴³Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
¹⁴⁴University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences / International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific, Bejing 100049, China
¹⁴⁵Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 101 Univ. Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan
¹⁴⁶Kamioka Branch, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
¹⁴⁷University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
¹⁴⁸CaRT, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹⁴⁹Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
¹⁵⁰Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale (DIIN), Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
¹⁵¹Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama City, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
¹⁵²Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
¹⁵³University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
¹⁵⁴OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
¹⁵⁵INFN Cagliari, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
¹⁵⁶Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Università 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
¹⁵⁷Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
¹⁵⁸INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera sede di Merate, I-23807 Merate, Lecco, Italy
¹⁵⁹Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
¹⁶⁰Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
¹⁶¹The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
¹⁶²Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
¹⁶³University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
¹⁶⁴The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
¹⁶⁵Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
¹⁶⁶DIFA- Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33–40126 Bologna, Italy
¹⁶⁷Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bologna, viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2–40127 Bologna, Italy
¹⁶⁸University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
¹⁶⁹INFN-CNAF - Bologna, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy
¹⁷⁰Università degli Studi di Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
¹⁷¹INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, I-95125 Catania, Italy
¹⁷²Université de Normandie, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, F-14000 Caen, France
¹⁷³Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire Caen, 6 boulevard du maréchal Juin, F-14050 Caen, France
¹⁷⁴The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
¹⁷⁵Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), IP2I Lyon / IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹⁷⁶Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
¹⁷⁷IGFAE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
¹⁷⁸Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
¹⁷⁹INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
¹⁸⁰California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
¹⁸¹Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
¹⁸²Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
¹⁸³Corps des Mines, Mines Paris, Université PSL, 60 Bd Saint-Michel, 75272 Paris, France
¹⁸⁴Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
¹⁸⁵Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Lagrange, F-06304 Nice, France
¹⁸⁶National Center for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Świerk-Otwock, Poland
¹⁸⁷Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
¹⁸⁸University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁸⁹Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
¹⁹⁰Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
¹⁹¹Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
¹⁹²Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
¹⁹³HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
¹⁹⁴Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
¹⁹⁵Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto, Universidade do Minho, PT-4710-057 Braga, Portugal
¹⁹⁶Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
¹⁹⁷CNR-SPIN, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
¹⁹⁸Scuola di Ingegneria, Università della Basilicata, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
¹⁹⁹Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
²⁰⁰SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
²⁰¹Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33168, USA
²⁰²Eötvös University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
²⁰³Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
²⁰⁴Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
²⁰⁵University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
²⁰⁶University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
²⁰⁷Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
²⁰⁸Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans, UMR CNRS 6613, F-72085 Le Mans, France
²⁰⁹University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
²¹⁰University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
²¹¹Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Elettronica e Meccanica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
²¹²University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
²¹³University of Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
²¹⁴Ariel University, Ramat HaGolan St 65, Ari’el, Israel
²¹⁵The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
²¹⁶Graduate School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
²¹⁷Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. II, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
²¹⁸The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
²¹⁹American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
²²⁰Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
²²¹INFN, sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
²²²Department of Applied Physics, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
²²³University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
²²⁴University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
²²⁵College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi, Narashino City, Chiba 275-8575, Japan
²²⁶Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
²²⁷Department of Physics, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingzhuan Rd., Danshui Dist., New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
²²⁸Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
²²⁹Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
²³⁰Helmut Schmidt University, D-22043 Hamburg, Germany
²³¹Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
²³²Directorate of Construction, Services & Estate Management, Mumbai 400094, India
²³³Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, 11 Rue de l’Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
²³⁴Faculty of Physics, University of Białystok, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
²³⁵National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academic of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
²³⁶School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
²³⁷Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea
²³⁸Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
²³⁹Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
²⁴⁰Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
²⁴¹University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
²⁴²Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 9GH2+3V5, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
²⁴³Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁴National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁵Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁶Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Chungnam National University, 9 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁷Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies (IPNS), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
²⁴⁸Division of Science, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁴⁹Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
²⁵⁰Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
²⁵¹Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY 12504, USA
²⁵²Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
²⁵³Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00656 Warsaw, Poland
²⁵⁴Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Cracow, Poland
²⁵⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 8-35151 Padova, Italy
²⁵⁶Sezione di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via Marzolo, 8-35131 Padova, Italy
²⁵⁷Department of Physics, Nagoya University, ES building, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
²⁵⁸Université de Montréal/Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
²⁵⁹Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
²⁶⁰Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
²⁶¹Department of Computer Simulation, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do 50834, Republic of Korea
²⁶²NAVIER, École des Ponts, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, Marne-la-Vallée, France
²⁶³Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁶⁴Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
²⁶⁵St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, FL 33054, USA
²⁶⁶Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
²⁶⁷Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
²⁶⁸Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
²⁶⁹Institut fuer Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum fuer Astronomie Heidelberg, Universitaet Heidelberg, Albert Ueberle Str. 2, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
²⁷⁰Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
²⁷¹Research Center for Space Science, Advanced Research Laboratories, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-Nishi, Tsuzuki-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8551, Japan
²⁷²Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
²⁷³Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, F-91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
²⁷⁴Faculty of Law, Ryukoku University, 67 Fukakusa Tsukamoto-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 612-8577, Japan
²⁷⁵Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
²⁷⁶University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
²⁷⁷Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
²⁷⁸GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
²⁷⁹University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
²⁸⁰Observatoire de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
²⁸¹Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France
²⁸²Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
²⁸³University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
²⁸⁴CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
²⁸⁵Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, I-00185 Roma, Italy
²⁸⁶Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
²⁸⁷Department of Physics, University of Guadalajara, Av. Revolucion 1500, Colonia Olimpica C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
²⁸⁸Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
²⁸⁹INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
²⁹⁰Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
²⁹¹Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, I-00184 Roma, Italy
²⁹²Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
²⁹³Subatech, CNRS/IN2P3 - IMT Atlantique - Nantes Université, 4 rue Alfred Kastler BP 20722 44307 Nantes CÉDEX 03, France
²⁹⁴Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
²⁹⁵Departamento de Física - ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain
²⁹⁶Department of Electronic Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishikatakai, Nagaoka City, Niigata 940-8532, Japan
²⁹⁷Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
²⁹⁸Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università Degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44121 Ferrara FE, Italy
²⁹⁹Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
³⁰⁰Indian Institute of Technology, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
³⁰¹Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
³⁰²Laboratoire MSME, Cité Descartes, 5 Boulevard Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
³⁰³Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Osaka Institute of Technology, 1-79-1 Kitayama, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0196, Japan
³⁰⁴NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
³⁰⁵Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
³⁰⁶Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, (CNRS, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité), F-75005 Paris, France
³⁰⁷Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
³⁰⁸Laser Interferometry and Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
³⁰⁹The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
³¹⁰Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
³¹¹Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
³¹²University of Catania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Via S. Sofia, 64, 95123 Catania CT, Italy
³¹³National Institute of Technology, Fukui College, Geshi-cho, Sabae-shi, Fukui 916-8507, Japan
³¹⁴Department of Communications Engineering, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
³¹⁵Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
³¹⁶Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), WPI, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
³¹⁷Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
³¹⁸School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Bayi Road 299, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
³¹⁹Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA

^*Full author list given at the end of the Letter.
^aDeceased.
^‡Contact author: lvc.publications@ligo.org

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 111403 – Published 10 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kw5g-d732

Abstract

The gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal masses $m_{1} = {33.6}_{- 0.8}^{+ 1.2} M_{⊙}$ and $m_{2} = {32.2}_{- 1.3}^{+ 0.8} M_{⊙}$ , and small spins $χ_{1, 2} \leq 0.26$ (90% credibility) and negligible eccentricity $e \leq 0.03$ . Postmerger data excluding the peak region are consistent with the dominant quadrupolar $(ℓ = | m | = 2)$ mode of a Kerr black hole and its first overtone. We constrain the modes’ frequencies to $\pm 30 %$ of the Kerr spectrum, providing a test of the remnant’s Kerr nature. We also examine Hawking’s area law, also known as the second law of black hole mechanics, which states that the total area of the black hole event horizons cannot decrease with time. A range of analyses that exclude up to five of the strongest merger cycles confirm that the remnant area is larger than the sum of the initial areas to high credibility.

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Landmark Black Hole Test Marks Decade of Gravitational-Wave Discoveries

Published 10 September, 2025

The clearest black hole merger signal ever measured has allowed researchers to test the Kerr nature of black holes and validate Stephen Hawking’s black hole area theorem.

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https://dcc.ligo.org/LIGO-M2300033/public

Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 111403– Published 10 September, 2025

Vol. 135, Iss. 11 — 12 September 2025

Received 13 August 2025
Revised 25 August 2025
Accepted 26 August 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kw5g-d732

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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