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Limiting the Parameter Space for Unstable eV-Scale Neutrinos Using IceCube Data

R. Abbasi¹⁶, M. Ackermann⁶³, J. Adams¹⁷, S. K. Agarwalla^39,*, J. A. Aguilar¹⁰, M. Ahlers²¹, J. M. Alameddine²², S. Ali³⁵, N. M. Amin⁴³ et al. (IceCube Collaboration^¶)

N. M. Amin⁴³, K. Andeen⁴¹, C. Argüelles¹³, Y. Ashida⁵², S. Athanasiadou⁶³, S. N. Axani⁴³, R. Babu²³, X. Bai⁴⁹, J. Baines-Holmes³⁹, A. Balagopal V.^39,43, S. W. Barwick²⁹, S. Bash²⁶, V. Basu⁵², R. Bay⁶, J. J. Beatty^19,20, J. Becker Tjus^9,†, P. Behrens¹, J. Beise⁶¹, C. Bellenghi²⁶, B. Benkel⁶³, S. BenZvi⁵¹, D. Berley¹⁸, E. Bernardini^47,‡, D. Z. Besson³⁵, E. Blaufuss¹⁸, L. Bloom⁵⁸, S. Blot⁶³, I. Bodo³⁹, F. Bontempo³⁰, J. Y. Book Motzkin¹³, C. Boscolo Meneguolo^47,‡, S. Böser⁴⁰, O. Botner⁶¹, J. Böttcher¹, J. Braun³⁹, B. Brinson⁴, Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis³², R. T. Burley², D. Butterfield³⁹, M. A. Campana⁴⁸, K. Carloni¹³, J. Carpio^33,34, S. Chattopadhyay^39,*, N. Chau¹⁰, Z. Chen⁵⁵, D. Chirkin³⁹, S. Choi⁵², B. A. Clark¹⁸, A. Coleman⁶¹, P. Coleman¹, G. H. Collin¹⁴, D. A. Coloma Borja⁴⁷, A. Connolly^19,20, J. M. Conrad¹⁴, R. Corley⁵², D. F. Cowen^59,60, C. De Clercq¹¹, J. J. DeLaunay⁵⁹, D. Delgado¹³, T. Delmeulle¹⁰, S. Deng¹, P. Desiati³⁹, K. D. de Vries¹¹, G. de Wasseige³⁶, J. C. Díaz-Vélez³⁹, S. DiKerby²³, M. Dittmer⁴², A. Domi²⁵, L. Draper⁵², L. Dueser¹, D. Durnford²⁴, K. Dutta⁴⁰, M. A. DuVernois³⁹, T. Ehrhardt⁴⁰, L. Eidenschink²⁶, A. Eimer²⁵, P. Eller²⁶, E. Ellinger⁶², D. Elsässer²², R. Engel^30,31, H. Erpenbeck³⁹, W. Esmail⁴², S. Eulig¹³, J. Evans¹⁸, P. A. Evenson⁴³, K. L. Fan¹⁸, K. Fang³⁹, K. Farrag¹⁵, A. R. Fazely⁵, A. Fedynitch⁵⁷, N. Feigl⁸, C. Finley⁵⁴, L. Fischer⁶³, D. Fox⁵⁹, A. Franckowiak⁹, S. Fukami⁶³, P. Fürst¹, J. Gallagher³⁸, E. Ganster¹, A. Garcia¹³, M. Garcia⁴³, G. Garg^39,*, E. Genton^13,36, L. Gerhardt⁷, A. Ghadimi⁵⁸, C. Glaser⁶¹, T. Glüsenkamp⁶¹, J. G. Gonzalez⁴³, S. Goswami^33,34, A. Granados²³, D. Grant¹², S. J. Gray¹⁸, S. Griffin³⁹, S. Griswold⁵¹, K. M. Groth²¹, D. Guevel³⁹, C. Günther¹, P. Gutjahr²², C. Ha⁵³, C. Haack²⁵, A. Hallgren⁶¹, L. Halve¹, F. Halzen³⁹, L. Hamacher¹, M. Ha Minh²⁶, M. Handt¹, K. Hanson³⁹, J. Hardin¹⁴, A. A. Harnisch²³, P. Hatch³², A. Haungs³⁰, J. Häußler¹, K. Helbing⁶², J. Hellrung⁹, B. Henke²³, L. Hennig²⁵, F. Henningsen¹², L. Heuermann¹, R. Hewett¹⁷, N. Heyer⁶¹, S. Hickford⁶², A. Hidvegi⁵⁴, C. Hill¹⁵, G. C. Hill², R. Hmaid¹⁵, K. D. Hoffman¹⁸, D. Hooper³⁹, S. Hori³⁹, K. Hoshina^39,§, M. Hostert¹³, W. Hou³⁰, T. Huber³⁰, K. Hultqvist⁵⁴, K. Hymon^22,57, A. Ishihara¹⁵, W. Iwakiri¹⁵, M. Jacquart²¹, S. Jain³⁹, O. Janik²⁵, M. Jansson³⁶, M. Jeong⁵², M. Jin¹³, N. Kamp¹³, D. Kang³⁰, W. Kang⁴⁸, X. Kang⁴⁸, A. Kappes⁴², L. Kardum²², T. Karg⁶³, M. Karl²⁶, A. Karle³⁹, A. Katil²⁴, M. Kauer³⁹, J. L. Kelley³⁹, M. Khanal⁵², A. Khatee Zathul³⁹, A. Kheirandish^33,34, H. Kimku⁵³, J. Kiryluk⁵⁵, C. Klein²⁵, S. R. Klein^6,7, Y. Kobayashi¹⁵, A. Kochocki²³, R. Koirala⁴³, H. Kolanoski⁸, T. Kontrimas²⁶, L. Köpke⁴⁰, C. Kopper²⁵, D. J. Koskinen²¹, P. Koundal⁴³, M. Kowalski^8,63, T. Kozynets²¹, N. Krieger⁹, J. Krishnamoorthi^39,*, T. Krishnan¹³, K. Kruiswijk³⁶, E. Krupczak²³, A. Kumar⁶³, E. Kun⁹, N. Kurahashi⁴⁸, N. Lad⁶³, C. Lagunas Gualda²⁶, L. Lallement Arnaud¹⁰, M. Lamoureux³⁶, M. J. Larson¹⁸, F. Lauber⁶², J. P. 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Plum⁴⁹, A. Pontén⁶¹, V. Poojyam⁵⁸, Y. Popovych⁴⁰, M. Prado Rodriguez³⁹, B. Pries²³, R. Procter-Murphy¹⁸, G. T. Przybylski⁷, L. Pyras⁵², C. Raab³⁶, J. Rack-Helleis⁴⁰, N. Rad⁶³, M. Ravn⁶¹, K. Rawlins³, Z. Rechav³⁹, A. Rehman⁴³, I. Reistroffer⁴⁹, E. Resconi²⁶, S. Reusch⁶³, C. D. Rho⁵⁶, W. Rhode²², L. Ricca³⁶, B. Riedel³⁹, A. Rifaie⁶², E. J. Roberts², M. Rongen²⁵, A. Rosted¹⁵, C. Rott⁵², T. Ruhe²², L. Ruohan²⁶, D. Ryckbosch²⁸, J. Saffer³¹, D. Salazar-Gallegos²³, P. Sampathkumar³⁰, A. Sandrock⁶², G. Sanger-Johnson²³, M. Santander⁵⁸, S. Sarkar⁴⁶, J. Savelberg¹, M. Scarnera³⁶, P. Schaile²⁶, M. Schaufel¹, H. Schieler³⁰, S. Schindler²⁵, L. Schlickmann⁴⁰, B. Schlüter⁴², F. Schlüter¹⁰, N. Schmeisser⁶², T. Schmidt¹⁸, F. G. Schröder^30,43, L. Schumacher²⁵, S. Schwirn¹, S. Sclafani¹⁸, D. Seckel⁴³, L. Seen³⁹, M. Seikh³⁵, S. Seunarine⁵⁰, P. A. Sevle Myhr³⁶, R. Shah⁴⁸, S. Shefali³¹, N. Shimizu¹⁵, B. Skrzypek⁶, R. Snihur³⁹, J. Soedingrekso²², A. Søgaard²¹, D. Soldin⁵², P. Soldin¹, G. Sommani⁹, C. Spannfellner²⁶, G. M. Spiczak⁵⁰, C. Spiering⁶³, J. Stachurska²⁸, M. Stamatikos²⁰, T. Stanev⁴³, T. Stezelberger⁷, T. Stürwald⁶², T. Stuttard²¹, G. W. Sullivan¹⁸, I. Taboada⁴, S. Ter-Antonyan⁵, A. Terliuk²⁶, A. Thakuri⁴⁹, M. Thiesmeyer³⁹, W. G. Thompson¹³, J. Thwaites³⁹, S. Tilav⁴³, K. Tollefson²³, S. Toscano¹⁰, D. Tosi³⁹, A. Trettin⁶³, A. K. Upadhyay^39,*, K. Upshaw⁵, A. Vaidyanathan⁴¹, N. Valtonen-Mattila^9,61, J. Valverde⁴¹, J. Vandenbroucke³⁹, T. Van Eeden⁶³, N. van Eijndhoven¹¹, L. Van Rootselaar²², J. van Santen⁶³, J. Vara⁴², F. Varsi³¹, M. Venugopal³⁰, M. Vereecken³⁶, S. Vergara Carrasco¹⁷, S. Verpoest⁴³, D. Veske⁴⁵, A. Vijai¹⁸, J. Villarreal¹⁴, C. Walck⁵⁴, A. Wang⁴, E. H. S. Warrick⁵⁸, C. Weaver²³, P. Weigel ¹⁴, A. Weindl³⁰, J. Weldert⁴⁰, A. Y. Wen¹³, C. Wendt³⁹, J. Werthebach²², M. Weyrauch³⁰, C. H. Wiebusch¹, D. R. Williams⁵⁸, L. Witthaus²², M. Wolf²⁶, G. Wrede²⁵, X. W. Xu⁵, J. P. Yanez²⁴, Y. Yao³⁹, E. Yildizci³⁹, S. Yoshida¹⁵, R. Young³⁵, F. Yu¹³, S. Yu⁵², T. Yuan³⁹, A. Zegarelli⁹, S. Zhang²³, Z. Zhang⁵⁵, P. Zhelnin¹³, and P. Zilberman³⁹ (IceCube Collaboration^¶)

¹III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
²Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
³Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
⁴School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
⁵Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
⁶Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁷Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁸Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
⁹Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
¹⁰Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
¹¹Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
¹²Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
¹³Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
¹⁴Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
¹⁵Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
¹⁶Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
¹⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
¹⁸Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
¹⁹Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
²⁰Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
²¹Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
²²Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
²³Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
²⁴Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
²⁵Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
²⁶Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
²⁷Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
²⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
²⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
³⁰Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
³¹Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
³²Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
³³Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
³⁴Nevada Center for Astrophysics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
³⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
³⁶Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology-CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
³⁷Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
³⁸Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
³⁹Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
⁴⁰Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
⁴¹Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
⁴²Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
⁴³Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
⁴⁴Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
⁴⁵Columbia Astrophysics and Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
⁴⁶Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
⁴⁷Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, I-35122 Padova PD, Italy
⁴⁸Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
⁴⁹Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
⁵⁰Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
⁵¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
⁵²Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
⁵³Department of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
⁵⁴Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
⁵⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
⁵⁶Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
⁵⁷Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
⁵⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
⁵⁹Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁶⁰Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁶¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
⁶²Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
⁶³Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany

^*Also at Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Sainik School Post, Bhubaneswar 751005, India.
^†Also at Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
^‡Also at INFN Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
^§Also at Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
^∥Present address: INFN Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
^¶Contact author: analysis@icecube.wisc.edu

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 101801 – Published 2 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/dpjg-54bg

Abstract

This Letter extends a recent IceCube sterile neutrino search to include unstable sterile neutrinos within the context of a model termed $3 + 1 + Decay$ , which expands upon the $3 + 1$ model by introducing sterile neutrino decay to invisible particles with coupling constant $g^{2}$ . The model is attractive since it reduces tension between oscillation experiments within the global fits and with constraints that come from cosmological observables. The analysis uses 10.7 years of up-going muon neutrino data with energy 500 GeV to 100 TeV and with improved reconstruction and modeling of systematics. The best-fit point is found to be $g^{2} = 0$ , $\sin^{2} (2 θ_{24}) = 0.16$ , and $Δ m_{41}^{2} = 3.5 {eV}^{2}$ , in agreement with the recent $3 + 1$ sterile neutrino search. Values of $g^{2} \geq π$ are excluded at 95% confidence level. This result substantially limits decay parameter space indicated by recent global fits, disfavoring the decay scenario.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 101801– Published 2 September, 2026

Vol. 137, Iss. 10 — 4 September 2026

Received 2 October 2025
Revised 5 February 2026
Accepted 29 April 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/dpjg-54bg

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Limiting the Parameter Space for Unstable eV-Scale Neutrinos Using IceCube Data

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