Observation of Three-Photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Entanglement

Dik Bouwmeester; Jian-Wei Pan; Matthew Daniell; Harald Weinfurter; Anton Zeilinger

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1345

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Observation of Three-Photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Entanglement

Dik Bouwmeester, Jian-Wei Pan, Matthew Daniell, Harald Weinfurter, and Anton Zeilinger

Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1345 – Published 15 February, 1999

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1345

Abstract

We present the experimental observation of polarization entanglement for three spatially separated photons. Such states of more than two entangled particles, known as Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, play a crucial role in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics versus local realism and in many quantum information and quantum computation schemes. Our experimental arrangement is such that we start with two pairs of entangled photons and register the photons in a way that any information as to which pair each photon belongs to is erased. After detecting a trigger photon, the registered events at the detectors for the remaining three photons exhibit the desired GHZ correlations.

References (20)

A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935).
C. S. Wu, I. Shaknov, Phys. Rev. 77, 136 (1950); S. J. Freedman, and J. S. Clauser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 938 (1972); A. Aspect, J. Dalibard, and G. Roger, 49, 1804 (1982); E. Hagley, X. Maître, G. Nogues, C. Wunderlich, M. Brune, J. M. Raimond, and S. Haroche, 79, 1 (1997).
P. G. Kwiat, K. Mattle, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger, A. V. Sergienko, and Y. H. Shih, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4337 (1995).
A. Zeilinger, M. A. Horne, H. Weinfurter, and M. Zukowski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3031 (1997).
S. Haroche, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 755, 73 (1995); J. I. Cirac and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. A 50, R2799 (1994).
S. Lloyd, Phys. Rev. A 57, R1473 (1998); R. Laflamme, E. Knill, W. H. Zurek, P. Catasti, and S. V. S. Mariappan, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A 356, 1941 (1998).
D. M. Greenberger, M. A. Horne, and A. Zeilinger, in Bell's Theorem, Quantum Theory, and Conceptions of the Universe, M. Kafatos (Kluwer Academics, Dordrecht, The Netherlands 1989), pp. 73–76; D. M. Greenberger, M. A. Horne, A. Shimony, and A. Zeilinger, Am. J. Phys. 58, 1131 (1990); D. M. Greenberger, M. A. Horne, and A. Zeilinger, Phys. Today 46, No. 8, 22 (1993); N. D. Mermin, Am. J. Phys. 58, 731 (1990); Phys. Today 43, No. 6, 9 (1990).
J. S. Bell, Phys. 1, 195 (1964); reprinted in J. S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1987).
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R. Cleve and H. Buhrman, Phys. Rev. A 56, 1201 (1997); D. Bruss, D. DiVincenzo, A. Ekert, C. Fuchs, C. Macchiavello, and J. Smolin, 57, 2368 (1998).
D. Bouwmeester, J.-W. Pan, K. Mattle, M. Eibl, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, Nature (London) 390, 575 (1997).
J.-W. Pan, D. Bouwmeester, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3891 (1998).
M. Zukowski, A. Zeilinger, and H. Weinfurter, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 755, 91 (1995).
Rigorously speaking, this erasure technique is perfect, hence produces a pure GHZ state, only in the limit of infinitesimal pulse duration and infinitesimal filter bandwidth, but detailed calculations [See Ref. [[13]] and M. A. Horne, Fortschr. Phys. 46, 6 (1998)] reveal that our pulse and filter values are sufficient to create a clearly observable entanglement, as confirmed by our experimental data.
The singles detection rate at detectors $D_{1}$ , $D_{2}$ , and $D_{3}$ , is about 15.000 counts per second, and at the trigger detector $T$ about 100.000 counts per second, due to the larger filter bandwidth and mode acceptance. Fourfold coincidence is registered with logic AND circuitry with a coincidence time of 6 ns.
G. Krenn and A. Zeilinger, Phys. Rev. A 54, 1793 (1996).
The limited visibility is due mainly to the finite width of the interference filters, the finite pulse duration [[14]], and the limited quality of the polarization optics. Detector noise or accidental coincidences do not play any role.
M. Zukowski, quant-ph/9811013.
S. Bose, V. Vedral, and P. L. Knight, Phys. Rev. A 57, 822 (1998).
L. K. Grover, quant-ph/9704012.; W. Dür, H.-J. Briegel, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. A 59, 169 (1999).

[c1] A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935).

[c2] C. S. Wu, I. Shaknov, Phys. Rev. 77, 136 (1950); S. J. Freedman, and J. S. Clauser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 938 (1972); A. Aspect, J. Dalibard, and G. Roger, 49, 1804 (1982); E. Hagley, X. Maître, G. Nogues, C. Wunderlich, M. Brune, J. M. Raimond, and S. Haroche, 79, 1 (1997).

[c3] P. G. Kwiat, K. Mattle, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger, A. V. Sergienko, and Y. H. Shih, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4337 (1995).

[c4] A. Zeilinger, M. A. Horne, H. Weinfurter, and M. Zukowski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3031 (1997).

[c5] S. Haroche, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 755, 73 (1995); J. I. Cirac and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. A 50, R2799 (1994).

[c6] S. Lloyd, Phys. Rev. A 57, R1473 (1998); R. Laflamme, E. Knill, W. H. Zurek, P. Catasti, and S. V. S. Mariappan, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A 356, 1941 (1998).

[c7] D. M. Greenberger, M. A. Horne, and A. Zeilinger, in Bell's Theorem, Quantum Theory, and Conceptions of the Universe, M. Kafatos (Kluwer Academics, Dordrecht, The Netherlands 1989), pp. 73–76; D. M. Greenberger, M. A. Horne, A. Shimony, and A. Zeilinger, Am. J. Phys. 58, 1131 (1990); D. M. Greenberger, M. A. Horne, and A. Zeilinger, Phys. Today 46, No. 8, 22 (1993); N. D. Mermin, Am. J. Phys. 58, 731 (1990); Phys. Today 43, No. 6, 9 (1990).

[c8] J. S. Bell, Phys. 1, 195 (1964); reprinted in J. S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1987).

[c9] C. H. Bennett, Phys. Today 48, No. 10, 24 (1995); Special issue on Quantum Information, Phys. World 11 (1998).

[c10] R. Cleve and H. Buhrman, Phys. Rev. A 56, 1201 (1997); D. Bruss, D. DiVincenzo, A. Ekert, C. Fuchs, C. Macchiavello, and J. Smolin, 57, 2368 (1998).

[c11] D. Bouwmeester, J.-W. Pan, K. Mattle, M. Eibl, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, Nature (London) 390, 575 (1997).

[c12] J.-W. Pan, D. Bouwmeester, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3891 (1998).

[c13] M. Zukowski, A. Zeilinger, and H. Weinfurter, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 755, 91 (1995).

[c14] Rigorously speaking, this erasure technique is perfect, hence produces a pure GHZ state, only in the limit of infinitesimal pulse duration and infinitesimal filter bandwidth, but detailed calculations [See Ref. [[13]] and M. A. Horne, Fortschr. Phys. 46, 6 (1998)] reveal that our pulse and filter values are sufficient to create a clearly observable entanglement, as confirmed by our experimental data.

[c15] The singles detection rate at detectors $D_{1}$ , $D_{2}$ , and $D_{3}$ , is about 15.000 counts per second, and at the trigger detector $T$ about 100.000 counts per second, due to the larger filter bandwidth and mode acceptance. Fourfold coincidence is registered with logic AND circuitry with a coincidence time of 6 ns.

[c16] G. Krenn and A. Zeilinger, Phys. Rev. A 54, 1793 (1996).

[c17] The limited visibility is due mainly to the finite width of the interference filters, the finite pulse duration [[14]], and the limited quality of the polarization optics. Detector noise or accidental coincidences do not play any role.

[c18] M. Zukowski, quant-ph/9811013.

[c19] S. Bose, V. Vedral, and P. L. Knight, Phys. Rev. A 57, 822 (1998).

[c20] L. K. Grover, quant-ph/9704012.; W. Dür, H.-J. Briegel, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. A 59, 169 (1999).

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Observation of Three-Photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Entanglement

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