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Microscopic Origin of the Quantum Mpemba Effect in Integrable Systems

Colin Rylands1, Katja Klobas2,3, Filiberto Ares1, Pasquale Calabrese1,4, Sara Murciano5,6, and Bruno Bertini2,3

  • 1SISSA and INFN Sezione di Trieste, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
  • 2School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
  • 3Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
  • 4International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
  • 5Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, Caltech, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
  • 6Department of Physics and IQIM, Caltech, Pasadena, California 91125, USA

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 010401 – Published 1 July, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.010401

Abstract

The highly complicated nature of far from equilibrium systems can lead to a complete breakdown of the physical intuition developed in equilibrium. A famous example of this is the Mpemba effect, which states that nonequilibrium states may relax faster when they are further from equilibrium or, put another way, hot water can freeze faster than warm water. Despite possessing a storied history, the precise criteria and mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon are still not known. Here, we study a quantum version of the Mpemba effect that takes place in closed many-body systems with a U(1) conserved charge: in certain cases a more asymmetric initial configuration relaxes and restores the symmetry faster than a more symmetric one. In contrast to the classical case, we establish the criteria for this to occur in arbitrary integrable quantum systems using the recently introduced entanglement asymmetry. We describe the quantum Mpemba effect in such systems and relate the properties of the initial state, specifically its charge fluctuations, to the criteria for its occurrence. These criteria are expounded using exact analytic and numerical techniques in several examples, a free fermion model, the Rule 54 cellular automaton, and the Lieb-Liniger model.

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PRL Collection of the Year 2024

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Exploring Quantum Mpemba Effects

Published 1 July, 2024

In the Mpemba effect, a warm liquid freezes faster than a cold one. Three studies investigate quantum versions of this effect, challenging our understanding of quantum thermodynamics.

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Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 010401– Published 1 July, 2024
  • Received 20 November 2023
  • Revised 1 March 2024
  • Accepted 30 April 2024
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