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Observation of Seven Astrophysical Tau Neutrino Candidates with IceCube

R. Abbasi¹⁷, M. Ackermann⁶², J. Adams¹⁸, S. K. Agarwalla^40,*, J. A. Aguilar¹², M. Ahlers²², J. M. Alameddine²³, N. M. Amin⁴⁴, K. Andeen⁴² et al. (IceCube Collaboration^§)

K. Andeen⁴², G. Anton²⁶, C. Argüelles¹⁴, Y. Ashida⁵³, S. Athanasiadou⁶², S. N. Axani⁴⁴, X. Bai⁵⁰, V. A. Balagopal⁴⁰, M. Baricevic⁴⁰, S. W. Barwick³⁰, V. Basu⁴⁰, R. Bay⁸, J. J. Beatty^20,21, J. Becker Tjus^11,†, J. Beise⁶⁰, C. Bellenghi²⁷, C. Benning¹, S. BenZvi⁵², D. Berley¹⁹, E. Bernardini⁴⁸, D. Z. Besson³⁶, E. Blaufuss¹⁹, S. Blot⁶², F. Bontempo³¹, J. Y. Book¹⁴, C. Boscolo Meneguolo⁴⁸, S. Böser⁴¹, O. Botner⁶⁰, J. Böttcher¹, E. Bourbeau²², J. Braun⁴⁰, B. Brinson⁶, J. Brostean-Kaiser⁶², R. T. Burley², R. S. Busse⁴³, D. Butterfield⁴⁰, M. A. Campana⁴⁹, K. Carloni¹⁴, E. G. Carnie-Bronca², S. Chattopadhyay^40,*, N. Chau¹², C. Chen⁶, Z. Chen⁵⁵, D. Chirkin⁴⁰, S. Choi⁵⁶, B. A. Clark¹⁹, L. Classen⁴³, A. Coleman⁶⁰, G. H. Collin¹⁵, A. Connolly^20,21, J. M. Conrad¹⁵, P. Coppin¹³, P. Correa¹³, D. F. Cowen ^58,59, P. Dave⁶, C. De Clercq¹³, J. J. DeLaunay⁵⁷, D. Delgado¹⁴, S. Deng¹, K. Deoskar⁵⁴, A. Desai⁴⁰, P. Desiati⁴⁰, K. D. de Vries¹³, G. de Wasseige³⁷, T. DeYoung²⁴, A. Diaz¹⁵, J. C. 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B. M. Mahn²⁴, Y. Makino⁴⁰, E. Manao²⁷, S. Mancina^40,48, W. Marie Sainte⁴⁰, I. C. Mariş¹², S. Marka⁴⁶, Z. Marka⁴⁶, M. Marsee⁵⁷, I. Martinez-Soler¹⁴, R. Maruyama⁴⁵, F. Mayhew²⁴, T. McElroy²⁵, F. McNally³⁸, J. V. Mead²², K. Meagher⁴⁰, S. Mechbal⁶², A. Medina²¹, M. Meier¹⁶, Y. Merckx¹³, L. Merten¹¹, J. Micallef²⁴, J. Mitchell⁷, T. Montaruli²⁸, R. W. Moore²⁵, Y. Morii¹⁶, R. Morse⁴⁰, M. Moulai⁴⁰, T. Mukherjee³¹, R. Naab⁶², R. Nagai¹⁶, M. Nakos⁴⁰, U. Naumann⁶¹, J. Necker⁶², A. Negi⁴, M. Neumann⁴³, H. Niederhausen²⁴, M. U. Nisa²⁴, A. Noell¹, A. Novikov⁴⁴, S. C. Nowicki²⁴, A. Obertacke Pollmann¹⁶, V. O’Dell⁴⁰, M. Oehler³¹, B. Oeyen²⁹, A. Olivas¹⁹, R. Orsoe²⁷, J. Osborn⁴⁰, E. O’Sullivan⁶⁰, H. Pandya⁴⁴, D. V. Pankova⁵⁹, N. Park³³, G. K. Parker⁴, E. N. Paudel⁴⁴, L. Paul^42,50, C. Pérez de los Heros⁶⁰, J. Peterson⁴⁰, S. Philippen¹, A. Pizzuto⁴⁰, M. Plum⁵⁰, A. Pontén⁶⁰, Y. Popovych⁴¹, M. Prado Rodriguez⁴⁰, B. Pries²⁴, R. Procter-Murphy¹⁹, G. T. Przybylski⁹, C. Raab³⁷, J. Rack-Helleis⁴¹, K. Rawlins³, Z. Rechav⁴⁰, A. Rehman⁴⁴, P. Reichherzer¹¹, G. Renzi¹², E. Resconi²⁷, S. Reusch⁶², W. Rhode²³, B. Riedel⁴⁰, A. Rifaie¹, E. J. Roberts², S. Robertson^8,9, S. Rodan⁵⁶, G. Roellinghoff⁵⁶, M. Rongen²⁶, C. Rott^53,56, T. Ruhe²³, L. Ruohan²⁷, D. Ryckbosch²⁹, I. Safa^14,40, J. Saffer³², D. Salazar-Gallegos²⁴, P. Sampathkumar³¹, S. E. Sanchez Herrera²⁴, A. Sandrock⁶¹, M. Santander⁵⁷, S. Sarkar²⁵, S. Sarkar⁴⁷, J. Savelberg¹, P. Savina⁴⁰, M. Schaufel¹, H. Schieler³¹, S. Schindler²⁶, L. Schlickmann¹, B. Schlüter⁴³, F. Schlüter¹², N. Schmeisser⁶¹, T. Schmidt¹⁹, J. Schneider²⁶, F. G. Schröder^31,44, L. Schumacher²⁶, G. Schwefer¹, S. Sclafani¹⁹, D. Seckel⁴⁴, M. Seikh³⁶, S. Seunarine⁵¹, R. Shah⁴⁹, A. Sharma⁶⁰, S. Shefali³², N. Shimizu¹⁶, M. Silva⁴⁰, B. Skrzypek¹⁴, B. Smithers⁴, R. Snihur⁴⁰, J. Soedingrekso²³, A. Søgaard²², D. Soldin³², P. Soldin¹, G. Sommani¹¹, C. Spannfellner²⁷, G. M. Spiczak⁵¹, M. Stamatikos²¹, T. Stanev⁴⁴, T. Stezelberger⁹, T. Stürwald⁶¹, T. Stuttard²², G. W. Sullivan¹⁹, I. Taboada⁶, S. Ter-Antonyan⁷, M. Thiesmeyer¹, W. G. Thompson¹⁴, J. Thwaites⁴⁰, S. Tilav⁴⁴, K. Tollefson²⁴, C. Tönnis⁵⁶, S. Toscano¹², D. Tosi⁴⁰, A. Trettin⁶², C. F. Tung⁶, R. Turcotte³¹, J. P. Twagirayezu²⁴, B. Ty⁴⁰, M. A. Unland Elorrieta⁴³, A. K. Upadhyay^40,*, K. Upshaw⁷, N. Valtonen-Mattila⁶⁰, J. Vandenbroucke⁴⁰, N. van Eijndhoven¹³, D. Vannerom¹⁵, J. van Santen⁶², J. Vara⁴³, J. Veitch-Michaelis⁴⁰, M. Venugopal³¹, M. Vereecken³⁷, S. Verpoest⁴⁴, D. Veske⁴⁶, A. Vijai¹⁹, C. Walck⁵⁴, C. Weaver²⁴, P. Weigel¹⁵, A. Weindl³¹, J. Weldert⁵⁹, A. Y. Wen¹⁴, C. Wendt⁴⁰, J. Werthebach²³, M. Weyrauch³¹, N. Whitehorn²⁴, C. H. Wiebusch¹, N. Willey²⁴, D. R. Williams⁵⁷, L. Witthaus²³, A. Wolf¹, M. Wolf²⁷, G. Wrede²⁶, X. W. Xu⁷, J. P. Yanez²⁵, E. Yildizci⁴⁰, S. Yoshida¹⁶, R. Young³⁶, F. Yu¹⁴, S. Yu²⁴, Z. Zhang⁵⁵, P. Zhelnin¹⁴, P. Zilberman⁴⁰, and M. Zimmerman⁴⁰ (IceCube Collaboration^§)

¹III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
²Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
³Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
⁴Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
⁵CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
⁶School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
⁷Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
⁸Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁹Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
¹⁰Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
¹¹Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
¹²Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
¹³Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
¹⁴Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
¹⁵Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
¹⁶Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
¹⁷Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
¹⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
¹⁹Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
²⁰Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
²¹Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
²²Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
²³Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
²⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
²⁵Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
²⁶Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
²⁷Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
²⁸Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
²⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
³⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
³¹Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
³²Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
³³Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
³⁴Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89154, USA
³⁵Nevada Center for Astrophysics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
³⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
³⁷Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology—CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
³⁸Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
³⁹Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
⁴⁰Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
⁴¹Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
⁴²Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
⁴³Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
⁴⁴Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
⁴⁵Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
⁴⁶Columbia Astrophysics and Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
⁴⁷Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
⁴⁸Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova PD, Italy
⁴⁹Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
⁵⁰Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
⁵¹Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
⁵²Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
⁵³Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
⁵⁴Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
⁵⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
⁵⁶Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
⁵⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
⁵⁸Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁵⁹Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁶⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
⁶¹Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
⁶²Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany

^*Also at Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Sainik School Post, Bhubaneswar 751005, India.
^†Also at Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
^‡Also at Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
^§analysis@icecube.wisc.edu

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 151001 – Published 11 April, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.151001

Abstract

We report on a measurement of astrophysical tau neutrinos with 9.7 yr of IceCube data. Using convolutional neural networks trained on images derived from simulated events, seven candidate $ν_{τ}$ events were found with visible energies ranging from roughly 20 TeV to 1 PeV and a median expected parent $ν_{τ}$ energy of about 200 TeV. Considering backgrounds from astrophysical and atmospheric neutrinos, and muons from $π^{\pm} / K^{\pm}$ decays in atmospheric air showers, we obtain a total estimated background of about 0.5 events, dominated by non- $ν_{τ}$ astrophysical neutrinos. Thus, we rule out the absence of astrophysical $ν_{τ}$ at the $5 σ$ level. The measured astrophysical $ν_{τ}$ flux is consistent with expectations based on previously published IceCube astrophysical neutrino flux measurements and neutrino oscillations.

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Research News

Seven Astrophysical Tau Neutrinos Unmasked

Published 11 April, 2024

Scientists have found seven astrophysical tau neutrinos—particles that are notoriously difficult to detect—in an analysis of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica.

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