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GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State

B. P. Abbott¹, R. Abbott¹, T. D. Abbott², F. Acernese^3,4, K. Ackley⁵, C. Adams⁶, T. Adams⁷, P. Addesso⁸, R. X. Adhikari¹ et al. (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration)

R. X. Adhikari¹, V. B. Adya^9,10, C. Affeldt^9,10, B. Agarwal¹¹, M. Agathos¹², K. Agatsuma¹³, N. Aggarwal¹⁴, O. D. Aguiar¹⁵, L. Aiello^16,17, A. Ain¹⁸, P. Ajith¹⁹, B. Allen^9,20,10, G. Allen¹¹, A. Allocca^21,22, M. A. Aloy²³, P. A. Altin²⁴, A. Amato²⁵, A. Ananyeva¹, S. B. Anderson¹, W. G. Anderson²⁰, S. V. Angelova²⁶, S. Antier²⁷, S. Appert¹, K. Arai¹, M. C. Araya¹, J. S. Areeda²⁸, M. Arène²⁹, N. Arnaud^27,30, K. G. Arun³¹, S. Ascenzi^32,33, G. Ashton⁵, M. Ast³⁴, S. M. Aston⁶, P. Astone³⁵, D. V. Atallah³⁶, F. Aubin⁷, P. Aufmuth¹⁰, C. Aulbert⁹, K. AultONeal³⁷, C. Austin², A. Avila-Alvarez²⁸, S. Babak^38,29, P. Bacon²⁹, F. Badaracco^16,17, M. K. M. Bader¹³, S. Bae³⁹, P. T. Baker⁴⁰, F. Baldaccini^41,42, G. Ballardin³⁰, S. W. Ballmer⁴³, S. Banagiri⁴⁴, J. C. Barayoga¹, S. E. Barclay⁴⁵, B. C. Barish¹, D. Barker⁴⁶, K. Barkett⁴⁷, S. Barnum¹⁴, F. Barone^3,4, B. Barr⁴⁵, L. Barsotti¹⁴, M. Barsuglia²⁹, D. Barta⁴⁸, J. Bartlett⁴⁶, I. Bartos⁴⁹, R. Bassiri⁵⁰, A. Basti^21,22, J. C. Batch⁴⁶, M. Bawaj^51,42, J. C. Bayley⁴⁵, M. Bazzan^52,53, B. Bécsy⁵⁴, C. Beer⁹, M. Bejger⁵⁵, I. Belahcene²⁷, A. S. Bell⁴⁵, D. Beniwal⁵⁶, M. Bensch^9,10, B. K. Berger¹, G. Bergmann^9,10, S. Bernuzzi^57,58, J. J. Bero⁵⁹, C. P. L. Berry⁶⁰, D. Bersanetti⁶¹, A. Bertolini¹³, J. Betzwieser⁶, R. Bhandare⁶², I. A. Bilenko⁶³, S. A. Bilgili⁴⁰, G. Billingsley¹, C. R. Billman⁴⁹, J. Birch⁶, I. A. Birney²⁶, O. Birnholtz⁵⁹, S. Biscans^1,14, S. Biscoveanu⁵, A. Bisht^9,10, M. Bitossi^30,22, M. A. Bizouard²⁷, J. K. Blackburn¹, J. Blackman⁴⁷, C. D. Blair⁶, D. G. Blair⁶⁴, R. M. Blair⁴⁶, S. Bloemen⁶⁵, O. Bock⁹, N. Bode^9,10, M. Boer⁶⁶, Y. Boetzel⁶⁷, G. Bogaert⁶⁶, A. Bohe³⁸, F. Bondu⁶⁸, E. Bonilla⁵⁰, R. Bonnand⁷, P. Booker^9,10, B. A. Boom¹³, C. D. Booth³⁶, R. Bork¹, V. Boschi³⁰, S. Bose^69,18, K. Bossie⁶, V. Bossilkov⁶⁴, J. Bosveld⁶⁴, Y. Bouffanais²⁹, A. Bozzi³⁰, C. Bradaschia²², P. R. Brady²⁰, A. Bramley⁶, M. Branchesi^16,17, J. E. Brau⁷⁰, T. Briant⁷¹, F. Brighenti^72,73, A. Brillet⁶⁶, M. Brinkmann^9,10, V. Brisson^27,†, P. Brockill²⁰, A. F. Brooks¹, D. D. Brown⁵⁶, S. Brunett¹, C. C. Buchanan², A. Buikema¹⁴, T. Bulik⁷⁴, H. J. Bulten^75,13, A. Buonanno^38,76, D. Buskulic⁷, C. Buy²⁹, R. L. Byer⁵⁰, M. Cabero⁹, L. Cadonati⁷⁷, G. Cagnoli^25,78, C. Cahillane¹, J. Calderón Bustillo⁷⁷, T. A. Callister¹, E. Calloni^79,4, J. B. Camp⁸⁰, M. Canepa^81,61, P. Canizares⁶⁵, K. C. Cannon⁸², H. Cao⁵⁶, J. Cao⁸³, C. D. Capano⁹, E. Capocasa²⁹, F. Carbognani³⁰, S. Caride⁸⁴, M. F. Carney⁸⁵, G. Carullo²¹, J. Casanueva Diaz²², C. Casentini^32,33, S. Caudill^13,20, M. Cavaglià⁸⁶, F. Cavalier²⁷, R. Cavalieri³⁰, G. Cella²², C. B. Cepeda¹, P. Cerdá-Durán²³, G. Cerretani^21,22, E. Cesarini^87,33, O. Chaibi⁶⁶, S. J. Chamberlin⁸⁸, M. Chan⁴⁵, S. Chao⁸⁹, P. Charlton⁹⁰, E. Chase⁹¹, E. Chassande-Mottin²⁹, D. Chatterjee²⁰, K. Chatziioannou⁹², B. D. Cheeseboro⁴⁰, H. Y. Chen⁹³, X. Chen⁶⁴, Y. Chen⁴⁷, H.-P. Cheng⁴⁹, H. Y. Chia⁴⁹, A. Chincarini⁶¹, A. Chiummo³⁰, T. Chmiel⁸⁵, H. S. Cho⁹⁴, M. Cho⁷⁶, J. H. Chow²⁴, N. Christensen^95,66, Q. Chu⁶⁴, A. J. K. Chua⁴⁷, S. Chua⁷¹, K. W. Chung⁹⁶, S. Chung⁶⁴, G. Ciani^52,53,49, A. A. Ciobanu⁵⁶, R. Ciolfi^97,98, F. Cipriano⁶⁶, C. E. Cirelli⁵⁰, A. Cirone^81,61, F. Clara⁴⁶, J. A. Clark⁷⁷, P. Clearwater⁹⁹, F. Cleva⁶⁶, C. Cocchieri⁸⁶, E. Coccia^16,17, P.-F. Cohadon⁷¹, D. Cohen²⁷, A. Colla^100,35, C. G. Collette¹⁰¹, C. Collins⁶⁰, L. R. Cominsky¹⁰², M. Constancio, Jr.¹⁵, L. Conti⁵³, S. J. Cooper⁶⁰, P. Corban⁶, T. R. Corbitt², I. Cordero-Carrión¹⁰³, K. R. Corley¹⁰⁴, N. Cornish¹⁰⁵, A. Corsi⁸⁴, S. Cortese³⁰, C. A. Costa¹⁵, R. Cotesta³⁸, M. W. Coughlin¹, S. B. Coughlin^36,91, J.-P. Coulon⁶⁶, S. T. Countryman¹⁰⁴, P. Couvares¹, P. B. Covas¹⁰⁶, E. E. Cowan⁷⁷, D. M. Coward⁶⁴, M. J. Cowart⁶, D. C. Coyne¹, R. Coyne¹⁰⁷, J. D. E. Creighton²⁰, T. D. Creighton¹⁰⁸, J. Cripe², S. G. Crowder¹⁰⁹, T. J. Cullen², A. Cumming⁴⁵, L. Cunningham⁴⁵, E. Cuoco³⁰, T. Dal Canton⁸⁰, G. Dálya⁵⁴, S. L. Danilishin^10,9, S. D’Antonio³³, K. Danzmann^9,10, A. Dasgupta¹¹⁰, C. F. Da Silva Costa⁴⁹, V. Dattilo³⁰, I. Dave⁶², M. Davier²⁷, D. Davis⁴³, E. J. Daw¹¹¹, B. Day⁷⁷, D. DeBra⁵⁰, M. Deenadayalan¹⁸, J. Degallaix²⁵, M. De Laurentis^79,4, S. Deléglise⁷¹, W. Del Pozzo^21,22, N. Demos¹⁴, T. Denker^9,10, T. Dent⁹, R. De Pietri^57,58, J. Derby²⁸, V. Dergachev⁹, R. De Rosa^79,4, C. De Rossi^25,30, R. DeSalvo¹¹², O. de Varona^9,10, S. Dhurandhar¹⁸, M. C. Díaz¹⁰⁸, T. Dietrich^13,38, L. Di Fiore⁴, M. Di Giovanni^113,98, T. Di Girolamo^79,4, A. Di Lieto^21,22, B. Ding¹⁰¹, S. Di Pace^100,35, I. Di Palma^100,35, F. Di Renzo^21,22, A. Dmitriev⁶⁰, Z. Doctor⁹³, V. Dolique²⁵, F. Donovan¹⁴, K. L. Dooley^36,86, S. Doravari^9,10, I. Dorrington³⁶, M. Dovale Álvarez⁶⁰, T. P. Downes²⁰, M. Drago^9,16,17, C. Dreissigacker^9,10, J. C. Driggers⁴⁶, Z. Du⁸³, P. Dupej⁴⁵, S. E. Dwyer⁴⁶, P. J. Easter⁵, T. B. Edo¹¹¹, M. C. Edwards⁹⁵, A. Effler⁶, H.-B. Eggenstein^9,10, P. Ehrens¹, J. Eichholz¹, S. S. Eikenberry⁴⁹, M. Eisenmann⁷, R. A. Eisenstein¹⁴, R. C. Essick⁹³, H. Estelles¹⁰⁶, D. Estevez⁷, Z. B. Etienne⁴⁰, T. Etzel¹, M. Evans¹⁴, T. M. Evans⁶, V. Fafone^32,33,16, H. Fair⁴³, S. Fairhurst³⁶, X. Fan⁸³, S. Farinon⁶¹, B. Farr⁷⁰, W. M. Farr⁶⁰, E. J. Fauchon-Jones³⁶, M. Favata¹¹⁴, M. Fays³⁶, C. Fee⁸⁵, H. Fehrmann⁹, J. Feicht¹, M. M. Fejer⁵⁰, F. Feng²⁹, A. Fernandez-Galiana¹⁴, I. Ferrante^21,22, E. C. Ferreira¹⁵, F. Ferrini³⁰, F. Fidecaro^21,22, I. Fiori³⁰, D. Fiorucci²⁹, M. Fishbach⁹³, R. P. Fisher⁴³, J. M. Fishner¹⁴, M. Fitz-Axen⁴⁴, R. Flaminio^7,115, M. Fletcher⁴⁵, H. Fong⁹², J. A. Font^23,116, P. W. F. Forsyth²⁴, S. S. Forsyth⁷⁷, J.-D. Fournier⁶⁶, S. Frasca^100,35, F. Frasconi²², Z. Frei⁵⁴, A. Freise⁶⁰, R. Frey⁷⁰, V. Frey²⁷, P. Fritschel¹⁴, V. V. Frolov⁶, P. Fulda⁴⁹, M. Fyffe⁶, H. A. Gabbard⁴⁵, B. U. Gadre¹⁸, S. M. Gaebel⁶⁰, J. R. Gair¹¹⁷, L. Gammaitoni⁴¹, M. R. Ganija⁵⁶, S. G. Gaonkar¹⁸, A. Garcia²⁸, C. García-Quirós¹⁰⁶, F. Garufi^79,4, B. Gateley⁴⁶, S. Gaudio³⁷, G. Gaur¹¹⁸, V. Gayathri¹¹⁹, G. Gemme⁶¹, E. Genin³⁰, A. Gennai²², D. George¹¹, J. George⁶², L. Gergely¹²⁰, V. Germain⁷, S. Ghonge⁷⁷, Abhirup Ghosh¹⁹, Archisman Ghosh¹³, S. Ghosh²⁰, B. Giacomazzo^113,98, J. A. Giaime^2,6, K. D. Giardina⁶, A. Giazotto^22,†, K. Gill³⁷, G. Giordano^3,4, L. Glover¹¹², E. Goetz⁴⁶, R. Goetz⁴⁹, B. Goncharov⁵, G. González², J. M. Gonzalez Castro^21,22, A. Gopakumar¹²¹, M. L. Gorodetsky⁶³, S. E. Gossan¹, M. Gosselin³⁰, R. Gouaty⁷, A. Grado^122,4, C. Graef⁴⁵, M. Granata²⁵, A. Grant⁴⁵, S. Gras¹⁴, C. Gray⁴⁶, G. Greco^72,73, A. C. Green⁶⁰, R. Green³⁶, E. M. Gretarsson³⁷, P. Groot⁶⁵, H. Grote³⁶, S. Grunewald³⁸, P. Gruning²⁷, G. M. Guidi^72,73, H. K. Gulati¹¹⁰, X. Guo⁸³, A. Gupta⁸⁸, M. K. Gupta¹¹⁰, K. E. Gushwa¹, E. K. Gustafson¹, R. Gustafson¹²³, O. Halim^17,16, B. R. Hall⁶⁹, E. D. Hall¹⁴, E. Z. Hamilton³⁶, H. F. Hamilton¹²⁴, G. Hammond⁴⁵, M. Haney⁶⁷, M. M. Hanke^9,10, J. Hanks⁴⁶, C. Hanna⁸⁸, M. D. Hannam³⁶, O. A. Hannuksela⁹⁶, J. Hanson⁶, T. Hardwick², J. Harms^16,17, G. M. Harry¹²⁵, I. W. Harry³⁸, M. J. Hart⁴⁵, C.-J. Haster⁹², K. Haughian⁴⁵, J. Healy⁵⁹, A. Heidmann⁷¹, M. C. Heintze⁶, H. Heitmann⁶⁶, P. Hello²⁷, G. Hemming³⁰, M. Hendry⁴⁵, I. S. Heng⁴⁵, J. Hennig⁴⁵, A. W. Heptonstall¹, F. J. Hernandez⁵, M. Heurs^9,10, S. Hild⁴⁵, T. Hinderer⁶⁵, W. C. G. Ho¹²⁶, D. Hoak³⁰, S. Hochheim^9,10, D. Hofman²⁵, N. A. Holland²⁴, K. Holt⁶, D. E. Holz⁹³, P. Hopkins³⁶, C. Horst²⁰, J. Hough⁴⁵, E. A. Houston⁴⁵, E. J. Howell⁶⁴, A. Hreibi⁶⁶, E. A. Huerta¹¹, D. Huet²⁷, B. Hughey³⁷, M. Hulko¹, S. Husa¹⁰⁶, S. H. Huttner⁴⁵, T. Huynh-Dinh⁶, A. Iess^32,33, N. Indik⁹, C. Ingram⁵⁶, R. Inta⁸⁴, G. Intini^100,35, B. S. Irwin⁸⁵, H. N. Isa⁴⁵, J.-M. Isac⁷¹, M. Isi¹, B. R. Iyer¹⁹, K. Izumi⁴⁶, T. Jacqmin⁷¹, K. Jani⁷⁷, P. Jaranowski¹²⁷, D. S. Johnson¹¹, W. W. Johnson², D. I. Jones¹²⁶, R. Jones⁴⁵, R. J. G. Jonker¹³, L. Ju⁶⁴, J. Junker^9,10, C. V. Kalaghatgi³⁶, V. Kalogera⁹¹, B. Kamai¹, S. Kandhasamy⁶, G. Kang³⁹, J. B. Kanner¹, S. J. Kapadia²⁰, S. Karki⁷⁰, K. S. Karvinen^9,10, M. Kasprzack², M. Katolik¹¹, S. Katsanevas³⁰, E. Katsavounidis¹⁴, W. Katzman⁶, S. Kaufer^9,10, K. Kawabe⁴⁶, N. V. Keerthana¹⁸, F. Kéfélian⁶⁶, D. Keitel⁴⁵, A. J. Kemball¹¹, R. Kennedy¹¹¹, J. S. Key¹²⁸, F. Y. Khalili⁶³, B. Khamesra⁷⁷, H. Khan²⁸, I. Khan^16,33, S. Khan⁹, Z. Khan¹¹⁰, E. A. Khazanov¹²⁹, N. Kijbunchoo²⁴, Chunglee Kim¹³⁰, J. C. Kim¹³¹, K. Kim⁹⁶, W. Kim⁵⁶, W. S. Kim¹³², Y.-M. Kim¹³³, E. J. King⁵⁶, P. J. King⁴⁶, M. Kinley-Hanlon¹²⁵, R. Kirchhoff^9,10, J. S. Kissel⁴⁶, L. Kleybolte³⁴, S. Klimenko⁴⁹, T. D. Knowles⁴⁰, P. Koch^9,10, S. M. Koehlenbeck^9,10, S. Koley¹³, V. Kondrashov¹, A. Kontos¹⁴, M. Korobko³⁴, W. Z. Korth¹, I. Kowalska⁷⁴, D. B. Kozak¹, C. Krämer⁹, V. Kringel^9,10, B. Krishnan⁹, A. Królak^134,135, G. Kuehn^9,10, P. Kumar¹³⁶, R. Kumar¹¹⁰, S. Kumar¹⁹, L. Kuo⁸⁹, A. Kutynia¹³⁴, S. Kwang²⁰, B. D. Lackey³⁸, K. H. Lai⁹⁶, M. Landry⁴⁶, P. Landry⁹³, R. N. Lang¹³⁷, J. Lange⁵⁹, B. Lantz⁵⁰, R. K. Lanza¹⁴, A. Lartaux-Vollard²⁷, P. D. Lasky⁵, M. Laxen⁶, A. Lazzarini¹, C. Lazzaro⁵³, P. Leaci^100,35, S. Leavey^9,10, C. H. Lee⁹⁴, H. K. Lee¹³⁸, H. M. Lee¹³⁰, H. W. Lee¹³¹, K. Lee⁴⁵, J. Lehmann^9,10, A. Lenon⁴⁰, M. Leonardi^9,10,115, N. Leroy²⁷, N. Letendre⁷, Y. Levin⁵, J. Li⁸³, T. G. F. Li⁹⁶, X. Li⁴⁷, S. D. Linker¹¹², T. B. Littenberg¹³⁹, J. Liu⁶⁴, X. Liu²⁰, R. K. L. Lo⁹⁶, N. A. Lockerbie²⁶, L. T. London³⁶, A. Longo^140,141, M. Lorenzini^16,17, V. Loriette¹⁴², M. Lormand⁶, G. Losurdo²², J. D. Lough^9,10, C. O. Lousto⁵⁹, G. Lovelace²⁸, H. Lück^9,10, D. Lumaca^32,33, A. P. Lundgren⁹, R. Lynch¹⁴, Y. Ma⁴⁷, R. Macas³⁶, S. Macfoy²⁶, B. Machenschalk⁹, M. MacInnis¹⁴, D. M. Macleod³⁶, I. Magaña Hernandez²⁰, F. Magaña-Sandoval⁴³, L. Magaña Zertuche⁸⁶, R. M. Magee⁸⁸, E. Majorana³⁵, I. Maksimovic¹⁴², N. Man⁶⁶, V. Mandic⁴⁴, V. Mangano⁴⁵, G. L. Mansell²⁴, M. Manske^20,24, M. Mantovani³⁰, F. Marchesoni^51,42, F. Marion⁷, S. Márka¹⁰⁴, Z. Márka¹⁰⁴, C. Markakis¹¹, A. S. Markosyan⁵⁰, A. Markowitz¹, E. Maros¹, A. Marquina¹⁰³, F. Martelli^72,73, L. Martellini⁶⁶, I. W. Martin⁴⁵, R. M. Martin¹¹⁴, D. V. Martynov¹⁴, K. Mason¹⁴, E. Massera¹¹¹, A. Masserot⁷, T. J. Massinger¹, M. Masso-Reid⁴⁵, S. Mastrogiovanni^100,35, A. Matas⁴⁴, F. Matichard^1,14, L. Matone¹⁰⁴, N. Mavalvala¹⁴, N. Mazumder⁶⁹, J. J. McCann⁶⁴, R. McCarthy⁴⁶, D. E. McClelland²⁴, S. McCormick⁶, L. McCuller¹⁴, S. C. McGuire¹⁴³, J. McIver¹, D. J. McManus²⁴, T. McRae²⁴, S. T. McWilliams⁴⁰, D. Meacher⁸⁸, G. D. Meadors⁵, M. Mehmet^9,10, J. Meidam¹³, E. Mejuto-Villa⁸, A. Melatos⁹⁹, G. Mendell⁴⁶, D. Mendoza-Gandara^9,10, R. A. Mercer²⁰, L. Mereni²⁵, E. L. Merilh⁴⁶, M. Merzougui⁶⁶, S. Meshkov¹, C. Messenger⁴⁵, C. Messick⁸⁸, R. Metzdorff⁷¹, P. M. Meyers⁴⁴, H. Miao⁶⁰, C. Michel²⁵, H. Middleton⁹⁹, E. E. Mikhailov¹⁴⁴, L. Milano^79,4, A. L. Miller⁴⁹, A. Miller^100,35, B. B. Miller⁹¹, J. Miller¹⁴, M. Millhouse¹⁰⁵, J. Mills³⁶, M. C. Milovich-Goff¹¹², O. Minazzoli^66,145, Y. Minenkov³³, J. Ming^9,10, C. Mishra¹⁴⁶, S. Mitra¹⁸, V. P. Mitrofanov⁶³, G. Mitselmakher⁴⁹, R. Mittleman¹⁴, D. Moffa⁸⁵, K. Mogushi⁸⁶, M. Mohan³⁰, S. R. P. Mohapatra¹⁴, M. Montani^72,73, C. J. Moore¹², D. Moraru⁴⁶, G. Moreno⁴⁶, S. Morisaki⁸², B. Mours⁷, C. M. Mow-Lowry⁶⁰, G. Mueller⁴⁹, A. W. Muir³⁶, Arunava Mukherjee^9,10, D. Mukherjee²⁰, S. Mukherjee¹⁰⁸, N. Mukund¹⁸, A. Mullavey⁶, J. Munch⁵⁶, E. A. Muñiz⁴³, M. Muratore³⁷, P. G. Murray⁴⁵, A. Nagar^87,147,148, K. Napier⁷⁷, I. Nardecchia^32,33, L. Naticchioni^100,35, R. K. Nayak¹⁴⁹, J. Neilson¹¹², G. Nelemans^65,13, T. J. N. Nelson⁶, M. Nery^9,10, A. Neunzert¹²³, L. Nevin¹, J. M. Newport¹²⁵, K. Y. Ng¹⁴, S. Ng⁵⁶, P. Nguyen⁷⁰, T. T. Nguyen²⁴, D. Nichols⁶⁵, A. B. Nielsen⁹, S. Nissanke^65,13, A. Nitz⁹, F. Nocera³⁰, D. Nolting⁶, C. North³⁶, L. K. Nuttall³⁶, M. Obergaulinger²³, J. Oberling⁴⁶, B. D. O’Brien⁴⁹, G. D. O’Dea¹¹², G. H. Ogin¹⁵⁰, J. J. Oh¹³², S. H. Oh¹³², F. Ohme⁹, H. Ohta⁸², M. A. Okada¹⁵, M. Oliver¹⁰⁶, P. Oppermann^9,10, Richard J. Oram⁶, B. O’Reilly⁶, R. Ormiston⁴⁴, L. F. Ortega⁴⁹, R. O’Shaughnessy⁵⁹, S. Ossokine³⁸, D. J. Ottaway⁵⁶, H. Overmier⁶, B. J. Owen⁸⁴, A. E. Pace⁸⁸, G. Pagano^21,22, J. Page¹³⁹, M. A. Page⁶⁴, A. Pai¹¹⁹, S. A. Pai⁶², J. R. Palamos⁷⁰, O. Palashov¹²⁹, C. Palomba³⁵, A. Pal-Singh³⁴, Howard Pan⁸⁹, Huang-Wei Pan⁸⁹, B. Pang⁴⁷, P. T. H. Pang⁹⁶, C. Pankow⁹¹, F. Pannarale³⁶, B. C. Pant⁶², F. Paoletti²², A. Paoli³⁰, M. A. Papa^9,20,10, A. Parida¹⁸, W. Parker⁶, D. Pascucci⁴⁵, A. Pasqualetti³⁰, R. Passaquieti^21,22, D. Passuello²², M. Patil¹³⁵, B. Patricelli^151,22, B. L. Pearlstone⁴⁵, C. Pedersen³⁶, M. Pedraza¹, R. Pedurand^25,152, L. Pekowsky⁴³, A. Pele⁶, S. Penn¹⁵³, A. Perego^154,58, C. J. Perez⁴⁶, A. Perreca^113,98, L. M. Perri⁹¹, H. P. Pfeiffer^92,38, M. Phelps⁴⁵, K. S. Phukon¹⁸, O. J. Piccinni^100,35, M. Pichot⁶⁶, F. Piergiovanni^72,73, V. Pierro⁸, G. Pillant³⁰, L. Pinard²⁵, I. M. Pinto⁸, M. Pirello⁴⁶, M. Pitkin⁴⁵, R. Poggiani^21,22, P. Popolizio³⁰, E. K. Porter²⁹, L. Possenti^155,73, A. Post⁹, J. Powell¹⁵⁶, J. Prasad¹⁸, J. W. W. Pratt³⁷, G. Pratten¹⁰⁶, V. Predoi³⁶, T. Prestegard²⁰, M. Principe⁸, S. Privitera³⁸, G. A. Prodi^113,98, L. G. Prokhorov⁶³, O. Puncken^9,10, M. Punturo⁴², P. Puppo³⁵, M. Pürrer³⁸, H. Qi²⁰, V. Quetschke¹⁰⁸, E. A. Quintero¹, R. Quitzow-James⁷⁰, F. J. Raab⁴⁶, D. S. Rabeling²⁴, H. Radkins⁴⁶, P. Raffai⁵⁴, S. Raja⁶², C. Rajan⁶², B. Rajbhandari⁸⁴, M. Rakhmanov¹⁰⁸, K. E. Ramirez¹⁰⁸, A. Ramos-Buades¹⁰⁶, Javed Rana¹⁸, P. Rapagnani^100,35, V. Raymond³⁶, M. Razzano^21,22, J. Read²⁸, T. Regimbau^66,7, L. Rei⁶¹, S. Reid²⁶, D. H. Reitze^1,49, W. Ren¹¹, F. Ricci^100,35, P. M. Ricker¹¹, G. M. Riemenschneider^147,157, K. Riles¹²³, M. Rizzo⁵⁹, N. A. Robertson^1,45, R. Robie⁴⁵, F. Robinet²⁷, T. Robson¹⁰⁵, A. Rocchi³³, L. Rolland⁷, J. G. Rollins¹, V. J. Roma⁷⁰, R. Romano^3,4, C. L. Romel⁴⁶, J. H. Romie⁶, D. Rosińska^158,55, M. P. Ross¹⁵⁹, S. Rowan⁴⁵, A. Rüdiger^9,10, P. Ruggi³⁰, G. Rutins¹⁶⁰, K. Ryan⁴⁶, S. Sachdev¹, T. Sadecki⁴⁶, M. Sakellariadou¹⁶¹, L. Salconi³⁰, M. Saleem¹¹⁹, F. Salemi⁹, A. Samajdar^149,13, L. Sammut⁵, L. M. Sampson⁹¹, E. J. Sanchez¹, L. E. Sanchez¹, N. Sanchis-Gual²³, V. Sandberg⁴⁶, J. R. Sanders⁴³, N. Sarin⁵, B. Sassolas²⁵, B. S. Sathyaprakash^88,36, P. R. Saulson⁴³, O. Sauter¹²³, R. L. Savage⁴⁶, A. Sawadsky³⁴, P. Schale⁷⁰, M. Scheel⁴⁷, J. Scheuer⁹¹, P. Schmidt⁶⁵, R. Schnabel³⁴, R. M. S. Schofield⁷⁰, A. Schönbeck³⁴, E. Schreiber^9,10, D. Schuette^9,10, B. W. Schulte^9,10, B. F. Schutz^36,9, S. G. Schwalbe³⁷, J. Scott⁴⁵, S. M. Scott²⁴, E. Seidel¹¹, D. Sellers⁶, A. S. Sengupta¹⁶², D. Sentenac³⁰, V. Sequino^32,33,16, A. Sergeev¹²⁹, Y. Setyawati⁹, D. A. Shaddock²⁴, T. J. Shaffer⁴⁶, A. A. Shah¹³⁹, M. S. Shahriar⁹¹, M. B. Shaner¹¹², L. Shao³⁸, B. Shapiro⁵⁰, P. Shawhan⁷⁶, H. Shen¹¹, D. H. Shoemaker¹⁴, D. M. Shoemaker⁷⁷, K. Siellez⁷⁷, X. Siemens²⁰, M. Sieniawska⁵⁵, D. Sigg⁴⁶, A. D. Silva¹⁵, L. P. Singer⁸⁰, A. Singh^9,10, A. Singhal^16,35, A. M. Sintes¹⁰⁶, B. J. J. Slagmolen²⁴, T. J. Slaven-Blair⁶⁴, B. Smith⁶, J. R. Smith²⁸, R. J. E. Smith⁵, S. Somala¹⁶³, E. J. Son¹³², B. Sorazu⁴⁵, F. Sorrentino⁶¹, T. Souradeep¹⁸, A. P. Spencer⁴⁵, A. K. Srivastava¹¹⁰, K. Staats³⁷, M. Steinke^9,10, J. Steinlechner^34,45, S. Steinlechner³⁴, D. Steinmeyer^9,10, B. Steltner^9,10, S. P. Stevenson¹⁵⁶, D. Stocks⁵⁰, R. Stone¹⁰⁸, D. J. Stops⁶⁰, K. A. Strain⁴⁵, G. Stratta^72,73, S. E. Strigin⁶³, A. Strunk⁴⁶, R. Sturani¹⁶⁴, A. L. Stuver¹⁶⁵, T. Z. Summerscales¹⁶⁶, L. Sun⁹⁹, S. Sunil¹¹⁰, J. Suresh¹⁸, P. J. Sutton³⁶, B. L. Swinkels¹³, M. J. Szczepańczyk³⁷, M. Tacca¹³, S. C. Tait⁴⁵, C. Talbot⁵, D. Talukder⁷⁰, D. B. Tanner⁴⁹, M. Tápai¹²⁰, A. Taracchini³⁸, J. D. Tasson⁹⁵, J. A. Taylor¹³⁹, R. Taylor¹, S. V. Tewari¹⁵³, T. Theeg^9,10, F. Thies^9,10, E. G. Thomas⁶⁰, M. Thomas⁶, P. Thomas⁴⁶, K. A. Thorne⁶, E. Thrane⁵, S. Tiwari^16,98, V. Tiwari³⁶, K. V. Tokmakov²⁶, K. Toland⁴⁵, M. Tonelli^21,22, Z. Tornasi⁴⁵, A. Torres-Forné²³, C. I. Torrie¹, D. Töyrä⁶⁰, F. Travasso^30,42, G. Traylor⁶, J. Trinastic⁴⁹, M. C. Tringali^113,98, A. Trovato²⁹, L. Trozzo^167,22, K. W. Tsang¹³, M. Tse¹⁴, R. Tso⁴⁷, D. Tsuna⁸², L. Tsukada⁸², D. Tuyenbayev¹⁰⁸, K. Ueno²⁰, D. Ugolini¹⁶⁸, A. L. Urban¹, S. A. Usman³⁶, H. Vahlbruch^9,10, G. Vajente¹, G. Valdes², N. van Bakel¹³, M. van Beuzekom¹³, J. F. J. van den Brand^75,13, C. Van Den Broeck^13,169, D. C. Vander-Hyde⁴³, L. van der Schaaf¹³, J. V. van Heijningen¹³, A. A. van Veggel⁴⁵, M. Vardaro^52,53, V. Varma⁴⁷, S. Vass¹, M. Vasúth⁴⁸, A. Vecchio⁶⁰, G. Vedovato⁵³, J. Veitch⁴⁵, P. J. Veitch⁵⁶, K. Venkateswara¹⁵⁹, G. Venugopalan¹, D. Verkindt⁷, F. Vetrano^72,73, A. Viceré^72,73, A. D. Viets²⁰, S. Vinciguerra⁶⁰, D. J. Vine¹⁶⁰, J.-Y. Vinet⁶⁶, S. Vitale¹⁴, T. Vo⁴³, H. Vocca^41,42, C. Vorvick⁴⁶, S. P. Vyatchanin⁶³, A. R. Wade¹, L. E. Wade⁸⁵, M. Wade⁸⁵, R. Walet¹³, M. Walker²⁸, L. Wallace¹, S. Walsh^20,9, G. Wang^16,22, H. Wang⁶⁰, J. Z. Wang¹²³, W. H. Wang¹⁰⁸, Y. F. Wang⁹⁶, R. L. Ward²⁴, J. Warner⁴⁶, M. Was⁷, J. Watchi¹⁰¹, B. Weaver⁴⁶, L.-W. Wei^9,10, M. Weinert^9,10, A. J. Weinstein¹, R. Weiss¹⁴, F. Wellmann^9,10, L. Wen⁶⁴, E. K. Wessel¹¹, P. Weßels^9,10, J. Westerweck⁹, K. Wette²⁴, J. T. Whelan⁵⁹, B. F. Whiting⁴⁹, C. Whittle¹⁴, D. Wilken^9,10, D. Williams⁴⁵, R. D. Williams¹, A. R. Williamson^59,65, J. L. Willis^1,124, B. Willke^9,10, M. H. Wimmer^9,10, W. Winkler^9,10, C. C. Wipf¹, H. Wittel^9,10, G. Woan⁴⁵, J. Woehler^9,10, J. K. Wofford⁵⁹, W. K. Wong⁹⁶, J. Worden⁴⁶, J. L. Wright⁴⁵, D. S. Wu^9,10, D. M. Wysocki⁵⁹, S. Xiao¹, W. Yam¹⁴, H. Yamamoto¹, C. C. Yancey⁷⁶, L. Yang¹⁷⁰, M. J. Yap²⁴, M. Yazback⁴⁹, Hang Yu¹⁴, Haocun Yu¹⁴, M. Yvert⁷, A. Zadrożny¹³⁴, M. Zanolin³⁷, T. Zelenova³⁰, J.-P. Zendri⁵³, M. Zevin⁹¹, J. Zhang⁶⁴, L. Zhang¹, M. Zhang¹⁴⁴, T. Zhang⁴⁵, Y.-H. Zhang^9,10, C. Zhao⁶⁴, M. Zhou⁹¹, Z. Zhou⁹¹, S. J. Zhu^9,10, X. J. Zhu⁵, A. B. Zimmerman⁹², Y. Zlochower⁵⁹, M. E. Zucker^1,14, and J. Zweizig¹ (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration)

¹LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
²Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
³Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
⁴INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
⁵OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
⁶LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
⁷Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France
⁸University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
⁹Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
¹⁰Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
¹¹NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
¹²University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
¹³Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
¹⁴LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
¹⁵Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
¹⁶Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
¹⁷INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
¹⁸Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
¹⁹International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
²⁰University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
²¹Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
²²INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
²³Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
²⁴OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
²⁵Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
²⁶SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
²⁷LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91898 Orsay, France
²⁸California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
²⁹APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
³⁰European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy
³¹Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai 603103, India
³²Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
³³INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
³⁴Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
³⁵INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
³⁶Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
³⁷Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, Arizona 86301, USA
³⁸Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
³⁹Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Korea
⁴⁰West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
⁴¹Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⁴²INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⁴³Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
⁴⁴University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
⁴⁵SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
⁴⁶LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
⁴⁷Caltech CaRT, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
⁴⁸Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
⁴⁹University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
⁵⁰Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
⁵¹Università di Camerino, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
⁵²Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁵³INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁵⁴MTA-ELTE Astrophysics Research Group, Institute of Physics, Eötvös University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
⁵⁵Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
⁵⁶OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
⁵⁷Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
⁵⁸INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
⁵⁹Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
⁶⁰University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
⁶¹INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
⁶²RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
⁶³Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
⁶⁴OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
⁶⁵Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
⁶⁶Artemis, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CS 34229, F-06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
⁶⁷Physik-Institut, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
⁶⁸Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON—UMR6082, F-3500 Rennes, France
⁶⁹Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
⁷⁰University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
⁷¹Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
⁷²Università degli Studi di Urbino ’Carlo Bo,’ I-61029 Urbino, Italy
⁷³INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
⁷⁴Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
⁷⁵VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
⁷⁶University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
⁷⁷School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
⁷⁸Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁷⁹Università di Napoli ’Federico II,’ Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
⁸⁰NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
⁸¹Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
⁸²RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
⁸³Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
⁸⁴Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
⁸⁵Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022, USA
⁸⁶The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
⁸⁷Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, I-00184 Roma, Italyrico Fermi, I-00184 Roma, Italy
⁸⁸The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁸⁹National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
⁹⁰Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
⁹¹Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
⁹²Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
⁹³University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
⁹⁴Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
⁹⁵Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA
⁹⁶The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
⁹⁷INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
⁹⁸INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
⁹⁹OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
¹⁰⁰Università di Roma ’La Sapienza,’ I-00185 Roma, Italy
¹⁰¹Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
¹⁰²Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 94928, USA
¹⁰³Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
¹⁰⁴Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
¹⁰⁵Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
¹⁰⁶Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
¹⁰⁷University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
¹⁰⁸The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
¹⁰⁹Bellevue College, Bellevue, Washington 98007, USA
¹¹⁰Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
¹¹¹The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
¹¹²California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Dr, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
¹¹³Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
¹¹⁴Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA
¹¹⁵National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
¹¹⁶Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
¹¹⁷School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
¹¹⁸University and Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar Gujarat 382007, India
¹¹⁹Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
¹²⁰University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
¹²¹Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
¹²²INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, I-80131, Napoli, Italy
¹²³University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
¹²⁴Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas 79699, USA
¹²⁵American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
¹²⁶University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
¹²⁷University of Biał ystok, 15-424 Biał ystok, Poland
¹²⁸University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, Washington 98011, USA
¹²⁹Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
¹³⁰Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Korea
¹³¹Inje University Gimhae, South Gyeongsang 50834, Korea
¹³²National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Korea
¹³³Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
¹³⁴NCBJ, 05-400 Świerk-Otwock, Poland
¹³⁵Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00656 Warsaw, Poland
¹³⁶Cornell Universtiy, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
¹³⁷Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan 49242, USA
¹³⁸Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
¹³⁹NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35811, USA
¹⁴⁰Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00154 Roma, Italy
¹⁴¹INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, I-00154 Roma, Italy
¹⁴²ESPCI, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
¹⁴³Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
¹⁴⁴College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
¹⁴⁵Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Monaco
¹⁴⁶Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
¹⁴⁷INFN Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
¹⁴⁸Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, F-91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
¹⁴⁹IISER-Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
¹⁵⁰Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, Washington 99362 USA
¹⁵¹Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
¹⁵²Université de Lyon, F-69361 Lyon, France
¹⁵³Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
¹⁵⁴INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, I-20126, Milano, Italy
¹⁵⁵Università degli Studi di Firenze, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
¹⁵⁶OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
¹⁵⁷Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
¹⁵⁸Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona Góra, 65-265 Zielona Góra, Poland
¹⁵⁹University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
¹⁶⁰SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
¹⁶¹King’s College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
¹⁶²Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Gujarat 382424, India
¹⁶³Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Khandi, Telangana 502285, India
¹⁶⁴International Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal RN 59078-970, Brazil
¹⁶⁵Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Ave, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA
¹⁶⁶Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan 49104, USA
¹⁶⁷Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
¹⁶⁸Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA
¹⁶⁹Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
¹⁷⁰Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA

^*Full author list given at the end of the Letter.
^†Deceased.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 161101 – Published 15 October, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.161101

Abstract

On 17 August 2017, the LIGO and Virgo observatories made the first direct detection of gravitational waves from the coalescence of a neutron star binary system. The detection of this gravitational-wave signal, GW170817, offers a novel opportunity to directly probe the properties of matter at the extreme conditions found in the interior of these stars. The initial, minimal-assumption analysis of the LIGO and Virgo data placed constraints on the tidal effects of the coalescing bodies, which were then translated to constraints on neutron star radii. Here, we expand upon previous analyses by working under the hypothesis that both bodies were neutron stars that are described by the same equation of state and have spins within the range observed in Galactic binary neutron stars. Our analysis employs two methods: the use of equation-of-state-insensitive relations between various macroscopic properties of the neutron stars and the use of an efficient parametrization of the defining function $p (ρ)$ of the equation of state itself. From the LIGO and Virgo data alone and the first method, we measure the two neutron star radii as $R_{1} = {10.8}_{- 1.7}^{+ 2.0} km$ for the heavier star and $R_{2} = {10.7}_{- 1.5}^{+ 2.1} km$ for the lighter star at the 90% credible level. If we additionally require that the equation of state supports neutron stars with masses larger than $1.97 M_{⊙}$ as required from electromagnetic observations and employ the equation-of-state parametrization, we further constrain $R_{1} = {11.9}_{- 1.4}^{+ 1.4} km$ and $R_{2} = {11.9}_{- 1.4}^{+ 1.4} km$ at the 90% credible level. Finally, we obtain constraints on $p (ρ)$ at supranuclear densities, with pressure at twice nuclear saturation density measured at ${3.5}_{- 1.7}^{+ 2.7} \times 10^{34} dyn {cm}^{- 2}$ at the 90% level.

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GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State

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