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Bayesian Inferring Nucleon Gravitational Form Factors via Near-Threshold J/ψ Photoproduction

Yuxun Guo1,2,*, Feng Yuan2,†, and Wenbin Zhao1,2,‡

  • *Contact author: yuxunguo@lbl.gov
  • †Contact author: fyuan@lbl.gov
  • ‡Contact author: wenbinzhao@lbl.gov
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 111902 – Published 10 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3x7r-ythq

Abstract

With Bayesian inference, we investigate the impact of recent near-threshold J/ψ production measurements by the J/ψ007 experiment and GlueX Collaboration on the extraction of proton gravitational form factors. We apply the generalized parton distribution framework at the next to leading order and demonstrate a stable expansion for the near-threshold kinematics. We find that the experimental constraints are in good agreement with the state-of-the-art lattice simulations, where negative Cq(t) and Cg(t) are strongly preferred. This highlights a great potential to extract them from future high-precision experiments.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 111902– Published 10 September, 2025
  • Received 31 January 2025
  • Revised 7 August 2025
  • Accepted 13 August 2025
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