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Origin of the sound produced by a detaching bubble
Phys. Rev. Fluids 11, 073605 – Published 29 July, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xshn-mnb8
Abstract
When a bubble detaches, it produces a sound. While the frequency of this sound is well understood, there has been no consensus on what drives its amplitude. Although mechanisms based on shape oscillations, initial velocity of the bubble radius, neck collapse or Laplace pressure have been suggested, none of them has been confirmed experimentally. We performed experiments involving two methods of producing bubbles, which result in sound levels differing by two orders of magnitude. Our results show that the sound amplitude is given by the conditions of velocity and radius of the bubble at detachment, in line with the scenario of a free harmonic oscillator proposed by Strasberg in 1956. We refined this scenario by describing how the bubble radius velocity is affected by gas exchange though the closing neck. This “leaking bubble” model predicts that the bubble begins to produce sound prior to detachment, as observed experimentally. By feeding image analysis of the neck into the model, we obtained excellent agreement between the experimental and the calculated pressure signals.
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