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Hydrodynamic density-functional theory for the moving contact-line problem reveals fluid structure and emergence of a spatially distinct pattern

Andreas Nold

Benjamin D. Goddard

David N. Sibley

Serafim Kalliadasis*

  • The School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom

  • *Contact author: s.kalliadasis@imperial.ac.uk
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Phys. Rev. Fluids 9, 124003 – Published 9 December, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.9.124003

Abstract

Understanding the nanoscale effects controlling the dynamics of a contact line—defined as the line formed at the junction of two fluid phases and a solid—has been a longstanding problem in fluid mechanics pushing experimental and numerical methods to their limits. A major challenge is the multiscale nature of the problem, whereby nanoscale phenomena manifest themselves at the macroscale. To probe the nanoscale, not easily accessible to other methods, we propose a reductionist model that employs elements from statistical mechanics, namely, dynamic-density-functional theory (DDFT), in a Navier-Stokes-like equation—an approach we name hydrodynamic DDFT. The model is applied to an isothermal Lennard-Jones fluid with no slip on a flat solid substrate. Our computations reveal fluid stratification with an oscillatory density structure close to the wall and the emergence of two distinct regions as the temperature increases: a region of compression on the vapor side of the liquid-vapor interface and an effective slip region of large shear on the liquid side. The compressive region spreads along the fluid interface at a lengthscale that increases faster than the width of the fluid interface with temperature, while the width of the slip region is bound by the oscillatory fluid density structure and is constrained to a few particle diameters from the wall. Both compressive and shear effects may offset contact line friction, while compression in particular has a disproportionately high effect on the speed of advancing contact lines at low temperatures.

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Phys. Rev. Fluids 9, 124003– Published 9 December, 2024
  • Received 31 January 2020
  • Revised 9 September 2024
  • Accepted 1 October 2024
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