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Vorticity-induced flow-focusing leads to bubble entrainment in an inkjet printhead: Synchrotron x-ray and volume-of-fluid visualizations

Maaike Rump1,*, Youssef Saade1,*, Uddalok Sen1, Kamel Fezzaa2, Michel Versluis1, Detlef Lohse1,3, and Tim Segers4,†

  • 1Physics of Fluids group, Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
  • 2X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
  • 3Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
  • 4BIOS / Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †t.j.segers@utwente.nl
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Phys. Rev. Fluids 7, 104004 – Published 31 October, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.7.104004

Abstract

The oscillatory flows present in an inkjet printhead can lead to strong deformations of the air-liquid interface at the nozzle exit. Such deformations may lead to an inward directed air jet with bubble pinch-off and the subsequent entrainment of an air bubble, which is highly detrimental to the stability of inkjet printing. Understanding the mechanisms of bubble entrainment is therefore crucial to improving print stability. In the present work, we use ultrafast x-ray phase-contrast imaging and direct numerical simulations based on the volume-of-fluid method to study the mechanisms underlying the bubble entrainment in a piezoacoustic printhead. We first demonstrate good agreement between experiments and numerics. We then show the different classes of bubble pinch-off obtained in experiments, and that those were also captured numerically. The numerical results are then used to show that the baroclinic torque, which is generated at the gas-liquid interface due to the misalignment of density and pressure gradients, results in a flow-focusing effect that drives the formation of the air jet from which a bubble can pinch off.

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Phys. Rev. Fluids 7, 104004– Published 31 October, 2022
  • Received 12 May 2022
  • Accepted 9 September 2022
Article part of CHORUS
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