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Free rising skirt bubbles
Phys. Rev. Fluids 7, 093601 – Published 12 September, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.7.093601
Abstract
The motion of a free rising skirt bubble is studied using direct numerical simulation covering the range of Eötvös (Bond) and Morton numbers where they can be observed. We investigate the skirt bubble motion (terminal velocity and drag), the flow field structure (inside the skirt film, around the bubble, and inside the gas film that forms the skirt) as well as the geometrical characteristics of the skirt (both length and thickness). A unified relation for the terminal velocity (and drag force) is provided for all bubble shapes (dimple, skirt, and spherical cap bubbles) when considering Eötvös numbers (based on bubble diameter) larger than 100. The velocity field around and inside the bubble is investigated resulting in the clarification of the wake structure with a major difference with the flow deduced from experimental observations during the 1970s. The numerical simulations reveal that only one recirculation is observed inside the bubble while two vortices are highlighted in the wake. We confirm that a parallel Poiseuille flow develops inside the skirt film resulting in an intense vorticity field. Original modeling is improved with a Reynolds correction that makes possible the prediction of the film thickness in very good agreement with the only experimental value available in the literature. Our simulations combined with experimental observations suggest the existence of a maximum value for the skirt length.
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