- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review Fluids

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Regimes of steady jetting in electrohydrodynamic jet printing

Abhishek K. Singh1, Rajiv K. Srivastava2, and Supreet Singh Bahga1,*

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016,India
  • 2Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India

  • *bahga@mech.iitd.ac.in
PDF

Phys. Rev. Fluids 7, 063701 – Published 6 June, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.7.063701

Abstract

We present an experimental and theoretical investigation of steady jetting regimes in the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing process, wherein a liquid jet issuing from a needle is stretched by applying a high electric field between the needle and a collector substrate. While EHD jetting is well understood in the context of the electrospray process, we show that the jetting characteristics can differ significantly in the printing configuration in which the needle is kept close to the collector to prevent spraying. Through experimental visualization of EHD jets and current measurements, we show that steady EHD jetting can occur in three regimes, namely, the cone-jet, moderately stretched jet, and thick-jet regimes, depending on the flow rate, applied potential difference, and needle-to-collector gap. To elucidate the underlying physics of these experimentally observed regimes, we perform order-of-magnitude analysis for the current transfer region of the jet, where the conduction and surface convection currents are of comparable magnitude. Based on the relative size of the current transfer region and the jet diameter, we derive the criteria for observing the three steady EHD jetting regimes. For each of these regimes, we also describe the dependence of the jet diameter and the current carried by jet on flow rate, potential difference, and aspect ratio in the form of scaling relations. The theoretical criteria for various steady jetting regimes and the corresponding scaling relations for the jet diameter and current show good agreement with the experimental observations. These theoretical relations can be useful for the design, performance monitoring, and control of EHD jet printing.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (30)

  1. J. U. Park, M. Hardy, S. J. Kang, K. Barton, K. Adair, D. K. Mukhopadhyay, C. Y. Lee, M. S. Strano, A. G. Alleyne, J. G. Georgiadis et al., High-resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing, Nat. Mater. 6, 782 (2007).
  2. M. S. Onses, E. Sutanto, P. M. Ferreira, A. G. Alleyne, and J. A. Rogers, Mechanisms, capabilities, and applications of high-resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing, Small 11, 4237 (2015).
  3. Y. Kim, S. Jang, and J. H. Oh, High-resolution electrohydrodynamic printing of silver nanoparticle ink via commercial hypodermic needles, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 014103 (2015).
  4. Y. Jang, I. Hartarto Tambunan, H. Tak, V. Dat Nguyen, T. Kang, and D. Byun, Non-contact printing of high aspect ratio Ag electrodes for polycrystalline silicone solar cell with electrohydrodynamic jet printing, Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 123901 (2013).
  5. S. H. Ahn, H. J. Lee, and G. H. Kim, Polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated with an advanced electrohydrodynamic direct-printing method for bone tissue regeneration, Biomacromolecules 12, 4256 (2011).
  6. V. Vespini, S. Coppola, M. Todino, M. Paturzo, V. Bianco, S. Grilli, and P. Ferraro, Forward electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing of optical microlenses on microfluidic devices, Lab Chip 16, 326 (2016).
  7. E. Sutanto, Y. Tan, M. S. Onses, B. T. Cunningham, and A. Alleyne, Electrohydrodynamic jet printing of micro-optical devices, Manuf. Lett. 2, 4 (2014).
  8. D. Saville, Electrohydrodynamics: The Taylor-Melcher leaky dielectric model, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 29, 27 (1997).
  9. M. Cloupeau and B. Prunet-Foch, Electrostatic spraying of liquids in cone-jet mode, J. Electrost. 22, 135 (1989).
  10. M. Cloupeau and B. Prunet-Foch, Electrostatic spraying of liquids: Main functioning modes, J. Electrost. 25, 165 (1990).
  11. F. Higuera, Electric current of an electrified jet issuing from a long metallic tube, J. Fluid Mech. 675, 596 (2011).
  12. K. Barton, S. Mishra, A. Alleyne, P. Ferreira, and J. Rogers, Control of high-resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing, Cont. Eng. Prac. 19, 1266 (2011).
  13. J. Feng, The stretching of an electrified non-Newtonian jet: A model for electrospinning, Phys. Fluids 14, 3912 (2002).
  14. A. M. Gañán-Calvo and J. M. Montanero, Revision of capillary cone-jet physics: Electrospray and flow focusing, Phys. Rev. E 79, 066305 (2009).
  15. S. V. Fridrikh, H. Y. Jian, M. P. Brenner, and G. C. Rutledge, Controlling the Fiber Diameter during Electrospinning, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 144502 (2003).
  16. C. Wang, C. H. Hsu, and J. H. Lin, Scaling laws in electrospinning of polystyrene solutions, Macromolecules 39, 7662 (2006).
  17. A. M. Gañán-Calvo, On the general scaling theory for electrospraying, J. Fluid Mech. 507, 203 (2004).
  18. F. Higuera, Flow rate and electric current emitted by a Taylor cone, J. Fluid Mech. 484, 303 (2003).
  19. J. F. De La Mora and I. G. Loscertales, The current emitted by highly conducting Taylor cones, J. Fluid Mech. 260, 155 (1994).
  20. A. M. Gañán-Calvo, Cone-Jet Analytical Extension of Taylor's Electrostatic Solution and the Asymptotic Universal Scaling Laws in Electrospraying, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 217 (1997).
  21. A. Gañán-Calvo, J. Davila, and A. Barrero, Current and droplet size in the electrospraying of liquids. Scaling laws, J. Aerosol. Sci. 28, 249 (1997).
  22. M. M. Hohman, M. Shin, G. Rutledge, and M. P. Brenner, Electrospinning and electrically forced jets. II. Applications, Phys. Fluids 13, 2221 (2001).
  23. F. Higuera, Current/flow-rate characteristic of an electrospray with a small meniscus, J. Fluid Mech. 513, 239 (2004).
  24. J. Fernández de la Mora, The fluid dynamics of Taylor cones, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 39, 217 (2007).
  25. G. Riboux, A. G. Marin, I. G. Loscertales, and A. Barrero, Whipping instability characterization of an electrified visco-capillary jet, J. Fluid Mech. 671, 226 (2011).
  26. S. S. Bahga, Experimental Uncertainty Analysis: A Textbook for Science and Engineering Students (White Falcon, New Delhi, 2021).
  27. A. Ponce-Torres, N. Rebollo-Muñoz, M. Herrada, A. Gañán-Calvo, and J. Montanero, The steady cone-jet mode of electrospraying close to the minimum volume stability limit, J. Fluid Mech. 857, 142 (2018).
  28. A. M. Ganan-Calvo, On the theory of electrohydrodynamically driven capillary jets, J. Fluid Mech. 335, 165 (1997).
  29. P. Bhattacharjee, T. M. Schneider, M. Brenner, G. H. McKinley, and G. C. Rutledge, On the measured current in electrospinning, J. Appl. Phys. 107, 044306 (2010).
  30. W. Li, X. Wang, G. Zheng, L. Xu, J. Jiang, Z. Luo, S. Guo, and D. Sun, Current characteristics of stable cone-jet in electrohydrodynamic printing process, Appl. Phys. A 124, 711 (2018).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Fluids 7, 063701– Published 6 June, 2022
  • Received 6 October 2021
  • Accepted 24 May 2022
Crossmark - Check for updates button

©2022 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation