- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review Fluids

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Editors' Suggestion
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Condensation and wicking of water on solid nanopatterns

Jae Hong Lee1, Buyoung Jung2, Gui-su Park2, and Ho-Young Kim1,*

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
  • 2Semes Co. Ltd., Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31040, Korea

  • *hyk@snu.ac.kr
PDF

Phys. Rev. Fluids 7, 024202 – Published 7 February, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.7.024202

Abstract

Although liquid behaviors in micrometric scales can be observed optically and those below nanometric scales can be probed with atomic force microscopy, those in the ranges from tens to hundreds of nanometers have seldom been visualized due to limits in optical and electron microscopy. Here we report direct visualization of condensation and wicking of water on arrays of solid walls with gaps ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers, by reducing electron-beam-induced heating in the environmental scanning electron microscopy. We find that the water condensing and wicking on hydrophilic nanopatterns exhibits little difference from what has been observed on micropatterns. However, the condensation behavior of water on hydrophobic nanopatterns is found not to follow the conventional capillary condensation theory. The hydrophobic grooves of 40–80 nm widths are observed to be completely wetted by condensing water vapor, but do not allow externally approaching liquid water to invade themselves. We expect our experiments to trigger further experimental attempts to observe nanoscale liquid menisci in various situations. In addition, those peculiar nanoscale behaviors of water reported here will broaden our knowledge of nanoscale wetting and feed empirical inputs for theoretical models.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (38)

  1. T. D. Wheeler and A. D. Stroock, The transpiration of water at negative pressures in a synthetic tree, Nature (London) 455, 208 (2008).
  2. X. M. Xu, G. Vereecke, C. Chen, G. Pourtois, S. Armini, N. Verellen, W.-K. Tsai, D.-W. Kim, E. Lee, C.-Y. Lin, P. Van Dorpe, H. Struyf, F. Holsteyns, V. Moshchalkov, J. Indekeu, and S. De Gendt, Capturing wetting states in nanopatterned silicon, ACS Nano 8, 885 (2014).
  3. A. Lee, M.-W. Moon, H. Lim, W.-D. Kim, and H.-Y. Kim, Water harvest via dewing, Langmuir 28, 10183 (2012).
  4. M. J. Kalmutzki, C. S. Diercks, and O. M. Yaghi, Metal-organic frameworks for water harvesting from air, Adv. Mater. 30, 1704304 (2018).
  5. A. LaPotin, H. Kim, S. R. Rao, and E. N. Wang, Adsorption-based atmospheric water harvesting: Impact of material and component properties on system-level performance, Acc. Chem. Res. 52, 1588 (2019).
  6. S. G. Lipson, H. Lipson, and D. S. Tannhauser, Optical Physics, 3rd ed. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995).
  7. E. H. Synge, A suggested method for extending microscopic resolution into the ultra-microscopic region, Philos. Mag. 6, 356 (1928).
  8. E. A. Ash and G. Nicholls, Super-resolution aperture scanning microscope, Nature (London) 237, 510 (1972).
  9. D. W. Pohl, W. Denk, and M. Lanz, Optical stethoscopy: Image recording with resolution λ/20, Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 651 (1984).
  10. E. Kim and G. M. Whitesides, Imbibition and flow of wetting liquids in noncircular capillaries, J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 855 (1997).
  11. P. Kim, H.-Y. Kim, J. K. Kim, G. Reiter, and K. Y. Suh, Multi-curvature liquid meniscus in a nanochannel: Evidence of interplay between intermolecular and surface forces, Lab Chip 9, 3255 (2009).
  12. A. H. Cannon and W. P. King, Visualizing contact line phenomena on microstructured superhydrophobic surfaces, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 28, L21 (2010).
  13. C. M. Megaridis, A. G. Yazicioglu, J. A. Libera, and Y. Gogotsi, Attoliter fluid experiments in individual closed-end carbon nanotubes: Liquid film and fluid interface dynamics, Phys. Fluids 14, L5 (2002).
  14. M. P. Rossi, H. Ye, Y. Gogotsi, S. Babu, P. Ndungu, and J.-C. Bradley, Environmental scanning electron microscopy study of water in carbon nanopipes, Nano Lett. 4, 989 (2004).
  15. U. M. Mirsaidov, H. Zheng, D. Bhattacharya, Y. Casana, and P. Matsudaira, Direct observation of stick-slip movements of water nanodroplets induced by an electron beam, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 7187 (2012).
  16. K. K. Varanasi, M. Hsu, N. Bhate, W. Yang, and T. Deng, Spatial control in the heterogeneous nucleation of water, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 094101 (2009).
  17. S. Anand, A. T. Paxson, R. Dhiman, J. D. Smith, and K. K. Varanasi, Enhanced condensation on lubricant-impregnated nanotextured surfaces, ACS Nano 6, 10122 (2012).
  18. K. Rykaczewski, J. H. J. Scott, and A. G. Fedorov, Electron beam heating effects during environmental scanning electron microscopy imaging of water condensation on superhydrophobic surfaces, Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 093106 (2011).
  19. K. Rykaczewski and J. H. J. Scott, Methodology for imaging nano-to-microscale water condensation dynamics on complex nanostructures, ACS Nano 5, 5962 (2011).
  20. S. Rozhok, P. Sun, R. Piner, M. Lieberman, and C. A. Mirkin, AFM study of water meniscus formation between an AFM tip and NaCl substrate, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 7814 (2004).
  21. D. Lohse and X. Zhang, Surface nanobubbles and nanodroplets, Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 981 (2015).
  22. M. V. Vitorino, A. Vieira, C. A. Marques, and M. S. Rodrigues, Direct measurement of the capillary condensation time of a water nanobridge, Sci. Rep. 8, 13848 (2018).
  23. K. Singh, J. R. Lister, and D. Vella, A fluid-mechanical model of elastocapillary coalescence, J. Fluid Mech. 745, 621 (2014).
  24. T.-H. Kim, J. Kim, and H.-Y. Kim, Evaporation-driven clustering of microscale pillars and lamellae, Phys. Fluids 28, 022003 (2016).
  25. B. L. Weeks and M. W. Vaughn, Direct imaging of meniscus formation in atomic force microscopy using environmental scanning electron microscopy, Langmuir 21, 8096 (2005).
  26. J. W. van Honschoten, N. Brunets, and N. R. Tas, Capillarity at the nanoscale, Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 1096 (2010).
  27. T. Hofmann, M. Tasinkevych, A. Checco, E. Dobisz, S. Dietrich, and B. M. Ocko, Wetting of Nanopatterned Grooved Surfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 106102 (2010).
  28. D. Quéré, Rough ideas on wetting, Physica A 313, 32 (2002).
  29. Y. C. Jung and B. Bhushan, Wetting behaviour during evaporation and condensation of water microdroplets on superhydrophobic patterned surfaces, J. Microsc. 229, 127 (2008).
  30. N. Miljkovic, R. Enright, and E. N. Wang, Modeling and optimization of superhydrophobic condensation, ASME J. Heat Transfer 135, 111004 (2013).
  31. R. M. Pashley, Multilayer adsorption of water on silica: an analysis of experimental results, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 78, 246 (1980).
  32. J. Li, X. Li, K. Wu, D. Feng, T. Zhang, and Y. Zhang, Thickness and stability of water film confined inside nanoslits and nanocapilliaries of shale and clay, Int. J. Coal Geol. 179, 253 (2017).
  33. R. Evans, U. M. B. Marconi, and P. Tarazona, Fluids in narrow pores: Adsorption, capillary condensation, and critical points, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 2376 (1986).
  34. A. Carlson, P. Kim, G. Amberg, and H. A. Stone, Short and long time drop dynamics on lubricated substrates, Europhys. Lett. 104, 34008 (2013).
  35. V. M. Starov and M. G. Velarde, Surface forces and wetting phenomena, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21, 464121 (2009).
  36. V. Starov, Static contact angle hysteresis on smooth, homogeneous solid substrates, Colloid Polym. Sci. 291, 261 (2013).
  37. J. Kim, M.-W. Moon, and H.-Y. Kim, Dynamics of hemiwicking, J. Fluid Mech. 800, 57 (2016).
  38. O. Beckstein and M. S. P. Sansom, Liquid-vapor oscillations of water in hydrophobic nanopores, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7063 (2003).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Fluids 7, 024202– Published 7 February, 2022
  • Received 19 August 2021
  • Accepted 4 January 2022
Crossmark - Check for updates button

©2022 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation