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Generation of high-intensity ultrasound through shock propagation in liquid jets

Gabriel Blaj1, Mengning Liang2, Andrew L. Aquila2, Philip R. Willmott2,3, Jason E. Koglin2, Raymond G. Sierra2,4, Joseph S. Robinson2, Sébastien Boutet2, and Claudiu A. Stan4,5,*

  • 1Technology Innovation Directorate, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
  • 2Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
  • 3Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
  • 4Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
  • 5Department of Physics, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA

  • *claudiu.stan@rutgers.edu
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Phys. Rev. Fluids 4, 043401 – Published 10 April, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.4.043401

Abstract

We investigated the generation and propagation of ultrasonic pressure waves produced by focused x-ray free-electron laser pulses in 14 to 30μm diameter liquid water microjets. The pressure waves formed through reflections, at the surface of the microjets, of the initial shock launched in the liquid by the x-ray pulse. These waves developed a characteristic geometric pattern which is related to, but different from, the shock structures of supersonic gas jets. Fully developed waves had initial peak pressures ranging from less than –24 MPa to approximately 100 MPa, which exceed the compressive and tensile strengths of many materials, and correspond to extreme sound intensities on the order of 1GW/m2 and sound pressure levels above 270 dB (re: 1μPa). The amplitudes and intensities were limited by the wave destroying its own propagation medium though cavitation, and therefore these ultrasonic waves in jets are one of the most intense propagating sounds that can be generated in liquid water. The pressure of the initial shock decayed exponentially, more rapidly in thinner jets, and the decay length was proportional to the jet diameter within the accuracy of measurements. Extrapolating our results to thinner jets, we find that the pressure waves may damage protein crystals carried by liquid jets in x-ray laser crystallography experiments conducted at megahertz repetition rates.

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Phys. Rev. Fluids 4, 043401– Published 10 April, 2019
  • Received 30 August 2018
Article part of CHORUS
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