- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review D

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Editors' Suggestion
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Precision kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich measurements across halo mass and redshift with DESI DR2 and ACT DR6. I. Luminous red galaxies

F. J. Qu1,2,3,*, B. Ried Guachalla1,2,3, E. Schaan1,2,3, B. Hadzhiyska4,5, S. Ferraro6,7, J. Aguilar8, S. Ahlen9, A. Baleato Lizancos7,6, D. Bianchi10,11 et al. (DESI Collaboration)

D. Bianchi10,11, D. Brooks12, R. Canning13, F. J. Castander14,15, E. Chaussidon8, T. Claybaugh8, A. Cuceu8, A. de la Macorra16, B. Dey17,18, P. Doel12, A. Font-Ribera19,20, J. E. Forero-Romero21,22, E. Gaztañaga14,13,15, S. Gontcho A. Gontcho23, G. Gutierrez24, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar25,26, K. Honscheid27,28,29, C. Howlett30, D. Huterer31,32, M. Ishak33, R. Kehoe34, T. Kisner8, A. Kremin8, O. Lahav12, M. Landriau8, L. Le Guillou35, M. E. Levi8, M. Manera36,20, A. Meisner37, R. Miquel19,20, S. Nadathur13, J. A. Newman18, W. J. Percival38,39,40, I. Pérez-Ràfols41, G. Rossi42, L. Samushia43,44,45, E. Sanchez46, E. F. Schlafly47, D. Schlegel8, M. Schubnell31,32, H. Seo48, J. Silber8, D. Sprayberry37, G. Tarlé32, B. A. Weaver37, and R. Zhou8 (DESI Collaboration)

  • 1Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
  • 2Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
  • 3SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
  • 4Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
  • 5Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
  • 6Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 7Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 8Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 9Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 USA
  • 10Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
  • 11INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
  • 12Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
  • 13Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
  • 14Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), c/ Esteve Terradas 1, Edifici RDIT, Campus PMT-UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
  • 15Institute of Space Sciences, ICE-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
  • 16Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. de México C. P. 04510, México
  • 17Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
  • 18Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT PACC), University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
  • 19Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
  • 20Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Edifici Cn, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • 21Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio Ip, CP 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 22Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio H, CP 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
  • 23University of Virginia, Department of Astronomy, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
  • 24Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
  • 25Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago 75014 Paris, France
  • 26IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
  • 27Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 28Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 29The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 Ohio, USA
  • 30School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
  • 31Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
  • 32University of Michigan, 500 South State Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
  • 33Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
  • 34Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
  • 35Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), FR-75005 Paris, France
  • 36Departament de Física, Serra Húnter, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • 37NSF NOIRLab, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
  • 38Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
  • 39Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
  • 40Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
  • 41Departament de Física, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, c/Eduard Maristany 10, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
  • 42Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
  • 43Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory, Tbilisi, GE-0179, Georgia
  • 44Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 116 Cardwell Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
  • 45Faculty of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, 0194 Tbilisi, Georgia
  • 46CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • 47Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
  • 48Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, 139 University Terrace, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA

  • *Contact author: jq247@cantab.ac.uk
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 114, 083540 – Published 29 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/wt8f-ftbt

Abstract

We present the most precise measurements of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (kSZ) effect around luminous red galaxies to date, detecting the signal at 18σ significance in both harmonic and configuration space. Our analysis cross-correlates 2.4 million spectroscopic LRGs from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) DR2 sample with data release 6 (DR6) of the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). We develop a novel harmonic-space cross-correlation approach using momentum-weighted kSZ templates, yielding nearly uncorrelated bandpowers within a framework consistent with other large-scale structure analyses. By incorporating the LRG halo occupation distribution (HOD) and its uncertainty, we convert measured galaxy gas profiles into halo gas profiles and provide generalized Navarro-Frenk-White (GNFW) fitting profiles, providing empirical targets for tuning feedback efficiency in hydrodynamical simulations and for baryonic modeling in large-scale structure analyses. We find strong evidence that gas profiles do not trace dark matter, providing direct evidence for gas redistribution beyond gravitational collapse. Comparing to hydrodynamical simulations, our measurements favor feedback efficiencies exceeding those in the Battaglia profile, suggesting more efficient gas ejection in group-scale halos than previously predicted. Splitting by redshift, we detect the kSZ signal at SNR≈5–10 in each of four bins and find amplitude evolution consistent with the expected decline in mean halo mass at fixed comoving number density. Splitting by stellar mass, we study the scaling of kSZ amplitude with galaxy properties. Together with BGS and ELG measurements in paper II, these results span 0.1≲z≲1.6 across three galaxy populations, demonstrating the potential of spectroscopic kSZ to map circumgalactic gas and constrain baryonic feedback.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

See Also

Precision kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich measurements across halo mass and redshift with DESI DR2 and ACT DR6. II. Bright galaxy survey and emission-line galaxies

B. Hadzhiyska et al. (DESI Collaboration)
Phys. Rev. D 114, 083541 (2026)

Article Text

References (99)

  1. LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration, Large synoptic survey telescope: Dark Energy Science Collaboration, arXiv:1211.0310.
  2. Z. Ivezic et al., LSST: From science drivers to reference design and anticipated data products, Astrophys. J. 873, 111 (2019).
  3. Euclid Collaboration et al., Euclid preparation. I. The Euclid wide survey, Astron. Astrophys. 662, A112 (2022).
  4. D. Spergel et al., Wide-field infrarred survey telescope-astrophysics focused telescope assets WFIRST-AFTA 2015 report, arXiv:1503.03757.
  5. R. Cen and J. P. Ostriker, Where are the baryons? II. Feedback effects, Astrophys. J. 650, 560 (2006).
  6. M. Birkinshaw, The Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect, Phys. Rep. 310, 97 (1999).
  7. T. Mroczkowski, D. Nagai, K. Basu, J. Chluba, J. Sayers, R. Adam, E. Churazov, A. Crites, L. Di Mascolo, D. Eckert, J. Macias-Perez, F. Mayet, L. Perotto, E. Pointecouteau, C. Romero, F. Ruppin, E. Scannapieco, and J. ZuHone, Astrophysics with the spatially and spectrally resolved Sunyaev-Zeldovich effects: A millimetre/submillimetre probe of the warm and hot universe, Space Sci. Rev. 215, 17 (2019).
  8. N. Hand et al., Evidence of galaxy cluster motions with the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 041101 (2012).
  9. C. Hernández-Monteagudo, Y.-Z. Ma, F. S. Kitaura, W. Wang, R. Génova-Santos, J. Macías-Pérez, and D. Herranz, Evidence of the missing baryons from the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect in Planck data, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 191301 (2015).
  10. F. D. Bernardis et al., Detection of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect with boss DR11 and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2017) 008.
  11. B. Soergel et al., Detection of the kinematic Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect with DES year 1 and SPT, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 461, 3172 (2016).
  12. N. S. Sugiyama, T. Okumura, and D. N. Spergel, A direct measure of free electron gas via the kinematic Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect in Fourier-space analysis, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 475, 3764 (2018).
  13. V. Calafut et al., The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Detection of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect with SDSS DR15 galaxies, Phys. Rev. D 104, 043502 (2021).
  14. S. Li, Y. Zheng, Z. Chen, H. Xu, and X. Yang, Detection of pairwise kinetic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect with DESI galaxy groups and Planck in Fourier space, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 271, 30 (2024).
  15. B. Hadzhiyska et al., Probing cosmic velocities with the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich signal in DESI bright galaxy sample DR1 and ACT DR6, Phys. Rev. D 113, 063565 (2026).
  16. L. Harscouet, K. Wolz, A. Wayland, D. Alonso, and B. Hadzhiyska, kSZ for everyone: The pseudo-Cl approach to stacking, arXiv:2512.14625.
  17. J. C. Hill, S. Ferraro, N. Battaglia, J. Liu, and D. N. Spergel, Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect with projected fields: A novel probe of the baryon distribution with Planck, WMAP, and WISE data, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 051301 (2016).
  18. S. Ferraro, J. C. Hill, N. Battaglia, J. Liu, and D. N. Spergel, Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect with projected fields. II. Prospects, challenges, and comparison with simulations, Phys. Rev. D 94, 123526 (2016).
  19. A. Kusiak, B. Bolliet, S. Ferraro, J. C. Hill, and A. Krolewski, Constraining the baryon abundance with the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect: Projected-field detection using Planck, WMAP, and unWISE, Phys. Rev. D 104, 043518 (2021).
  20. B. Bolliet, J. Colin Hill, S. Ferraro, A. Kusiak, and A. Krolewski, Projected-field kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich cross-correlations: Halo model and forecasts, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2023) 039.
  21. E. Schaan et al. (ACTPol Collaboration), Evidence for the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and velocity reconstruction from the baryon oscillation spectroscopic survey, Phys. Rev. D 93, 082002 (2016).
  22. E. Schaan et al. (Atacama Cosmology Telescope Collaboration), Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Combined kinematic and thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich measurements from BOSS CMASS and LOWZ halos, Phys. Rev. D 103, 063513 (2021).
  23. M. Mallaby-Kay et al., Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect with ACT, DES, and BOSS: A novel hybrid estimator, Phys. Rev. D 108, 023516 (2023).
  24. B. Hadzhiyska et al., Evidence for large baryonic feedback at low and intermediate redshifts from kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich observations with ACT and DESI photometric galaxies, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083509 (2025).
  25. B. R. Guachalla et al., Backlighting extended gas halos around luminous red galaxies: Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect from DESI Y1 x ACT, Phys. Rev. D 112, 103512 (2025).
  26. F. McCarthy et al., The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Large-scale velocity reconstruction with the kinematic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect and DESI LRGs, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2025) 057.
  27. F. McCarthy, B. Hadzhiyska, J. R. Bond, W. R. Coulton, J. Dunkley, C. E. Villagra, M. C. Johnson, K. Moodley, T. Namikawa, B. R. Guachalla, B. D. Sherwin, C. Sifón, A. van Engelen, E. M. Vavagiakis, and E. J. Wollack, The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Cross-correlation of kSZ and continuity equation velocity reconstruction with photometric DESI LRGs, arXiv:2511.15701.
  28. S. C. Hotinli, K. M. Smith, and S. Ferraro, Velocity reconstruction from KSZ: Measuring fNL with act and desils, arXiv:2506.21657.
  29. A. C. M. Lai, Y. Kvasiuk, and M. Münchmeyer, KSZ velocity reconstruction with ACT and DESI-LS using a tomographic QML power spectrum estimator, arXiv:2506.21684.
  30. A. Laguë, M. S. Madhavacheril, K. M. Smith, S. Ferraro, and E. Schaan, Constraints on local primordial non-Gaussianity with 3D velocity reconstruction from the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 151003 (2025).
  31. W. Coulton et al., Atacama cosmology telescope: High-resolution component-separated maps across one third of the sky, Phys. Rev. D 109, 063530 (2024).
  32. A. Schneider, S. K. Giri, S. Amodeo, and A. Refregier, Constraining baryonic feedback and cosmology with weak-lensing, x-ray, and kinematic Sunyaev–Zeldovich observations, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 514, 3802 (2022).
  33. J. Sunseri, A. Amon, J. Dunkley, N. Battaglia, S. Ferraro, B. Hadzhiyska, B. Ried Guachalla, and E. Schaan, Disentangling the halo: Joint model for measurements of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and galaxy-galaxy lensing, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 546, stag031 (2026).
  34. L. Bigwood, M. Yamamoto, J. Siegel, A. Amon, I. G. McCarthy, R. Dave, J. Salcido, M. Schaller, J. Schaye, and T. Yang, The kinetic Sunyaev Zeldovich effect as a benchmark for AGN feedback models in hydrodynamical simulations: Insights from DESI+ACT, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 550, stag1314 (2026).
  35. L. Bigwood, M. Yamamoto, J. Siegel, A. Amon, I. G. McCarthy, R. Dave, J. Salcido, M. Schaller, J. Schaye, and T. Yang, The kinetic Sunyaev Zeldovich effect as a benchmark for AGN feedback models in hydrodynamical simulations: Insights from desi+act, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 550, stag1314 (2026).
  36. J. Siegel, L. Bigwood, A. Amon, J. McCullough, M. Yamamoto, I. G. McCarthy, M. Schaller, A. Schneider, and J. Schaye, The suppression of the matter power spectrum: Strong feedback from x-ray gas mass fractions, kSZ effect profiles, and galaxy-galaxy lensing, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 549, stag993 (2026).
  37. J. Salcido and I. G. McCarthy, Implications of feedback solutions to the s8 tension for the baryon fractions of galaxy groups and clusters, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 541, 899 (2025).
  38. I. G. McCarthy, A. Amon, J. Schaye, E. Schaan, R. E. Angulo, J. Salcido, M. Schaller, L. Bigwood, W. Elbers, R. Kugel, J. C. Helly, V. J. F. Moreno, C. S. Frenk, R. J. McGibbon, L. Ondaro-Mallea, and M. P. van Daalen, Flamingo: Combining kinetic SZ effect and galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements to gauge the impact of feedback on large-scale structure, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 540, 143 (2025).
  39. A. Laguë, M. S. Madhavacheril, J. Borrow, K. M. Smith, X. Chen, M. Schaller, and J. Schaye, Inferring the impacts of baryonic feedback from kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich cross-correlations, Phys. Rev. D 113, 083507 (2026).
  40. M. Kovač, A. Nicola, J. Bucko, A. Schneider, R. Reischke, S. K. Giri, R. Teyssier, M. Schaller, and J. Schaye, Baryonification II: Constraining feedback with x-ray and kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich observations, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2025) 046.
  41. B. Hadzhiyska, S. Ferraro, F. J. Qu, B. R. Guachalla, E. Schaan et al., companion paper, Precision kinematic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich measurements across halo mass and redshift with DESI DR2 and ACT DR6. II. Bright galaxy survey and emission-line galaxies, Phys. Rev. D 114, 083541 (2026).
  42. B. Abareshi et al. (DESI Collaboration), Overview of the instrumentation for the dark energy spectroscopic instrument, Astron. J. 164, 207 (2022).
  43. T. N. Miller et al. (DESI Collaboration), The optical corrector for the dark energy spectroscopic instrument, Astron. J. 168, 95 (2024).
  44. C. Poppett et al., Overview of the fiber system for the dark energy spectroscopic instrument, Astron. J. 168, 245 (2024).
  45. A. Aghamousa et al. (DESI Collaboration), The DESI experiment part II: Instrument design, arXiv:1611.00037.
  46. J. Guy et al., The spectroscopic data processing pipeline for the dark energy spectroscopic instrument, Astron. J. 165, 144 (2023).
  47. E. F. Schlafly et al. (DESI Collaboration), Survey operations for the dark energy spectroscopic instrument, Astron. J. 166, 259 (2023).
  48. M. Abdul-Karim et al. (DESI Collaboration), Data release 1 of the dark energy spectroscopic instrument, Astron. J. 171, 285 (2026).
  49. A. G. Adame et al. (DESI Collaboration), DESI 2024 VII: Cosmological constraints from the full-shape modeling of clustering measurements, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2025) 028.
  50. A. Adame et al., DESI 2024 III: Baryon acoustic oscillations from galaxies and quasars, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2025) 012.
  51. M. Abdul Karim et al. (DESI Collaboration), DESI DR2 results. II. Measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmological constraints, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083515 (2025).
  52. S. Yuan et al., The DESI one-percent survey: Exploring the halo occupation distribution of luminous red galaxies and quasi-stellar objects with AbacusSummit, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 530, 947 (2024).
  53. R. Zhou et al., Target selection and validation of DESI luminous red galaxies, Astron. J. 165, 58 (2023).
  54. A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar et al. (DESI Collaboration), Validation of the scientific program for the dark energy spectroscopic instrument, Astron. J. 167, 62 (2024).
  55. A. J. Ross et al., The construction of large-scale structure catalogs for the dark energy spectroscopic instrument, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 125.
  56. U. Andrade et al., Validation of the DESI DR2 measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations from galaxies and quasars, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083512 (2025).
  57. M. Abdul Karim (DESI Collaboration), DESI DR2 results. II. Measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmological constraints, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083515 (2025).
  58. R. Zhou et al., Target selection and validation of DESI luminous red galaxies, Astron. J. 165, 58 (2023).
  59. K. Bundy, A. Leauthaud, S. Saito, A. Bolton, Y.-T. Lin, C. Maraston, R. C. Nichol, D. P. Schneider, D. Thomas, and D. A. Wake, The stripe 82 massive galaxy project. I. Catalog construction, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 221, 15 (2015).
  60. A. V. Kravtsov, A. A. Vikhlinin, and A. V. Meshcheryakov, Stellar mass—halo mass relation and star formation efficiency in high-mass halos, Astron. Lett. 44, 8 (2018).
  61. A. R. Duffy, J. Schaye, S. T. Kay, and C. Dalla Vecchia, Dark matter halo concentrations in the Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe year 5 cosmology, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 390, L64 (2008).
  62. R. J. Thornton et al., The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: The polarization-sensitive ACTPol instrument, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 227, 21 (2016).
  63. S. Naess, Y. Guan, A. J. Duivenvoorden, M. Hasselfield, Y. Wang et al., The Atacama Cosmology telescope: DR6 maps, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2025) 061.
  64. M. Hilton et al., The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A catalog of >4000 Sunyaev-Zel’dovich galaxy clusters, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 253, 3 (2021).
  65. J. P. Ostriker and E. T. Vishniac, Generation of microwave background fluctuations from nonlinear perturbations at the ERA of galaxy formation, Astrophys. J. Lett. 306, L51 (1986).
  66. N. Aghanim et al. (Planck Collaboration), Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020).
  67. B. Ried Guachalla, E. Schaan, B. Hadzhiyska, and S. Ferraro, Velocity reconstruction in the era of DESI and Rubin/LSST. I. Exploring spectroscopic, photometric, and hybrid samples, Phys. Rev. D 109, 103533 (2024).
  68. A. Nusser and M. Davis, On the prediction of velocity fields from redshift space galaxy samples, Astrophys. J. Lett. 421, L1 (1994).
  69. E. Paillas et al., Optimal reconstruction of baryon acoustic oscillations for DESI 2024, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 142.
  70. X. Chen et al., Extensive analysis of reconstruction algorithms for DESI 2024 baryon acoustic oscillations, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2026) 001.
  71. B. Hadzhiyska, S. Ferraro, B. Ried Guachalla, and E. Schaan, Velocity reconstruction in the era of DESI and Rubin/LSST. II. Realistic samples on the light cone, Phys. Rev. D 109, 103534 (2024).
  72. A. Baleato Lizancos, U. Seljak, M. Karamanis, M. Bonici, and S. Ferraro, Selecting samples of galaxies with fewer fingers-of-god, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2025) 014.
  73. D. Alonso, J. Sanchez, and A. Slosar, A unified pseudo-c framework, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 484, 4127 (2019).
  74. B. Bolliet et al., class_sz I: Overview, Eur. Phys. J. Web Conf. 293, 00008 (2024).
  75. C.-P. Ma and J. N. Fry, Nonlinear kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 211301 (2002).
  76. M. McQuinn, S. R. Furlanetto, L. Hernquist, O. Zahn, and M. Zaldarriaga, The kinetic Sunyaev-zeldovich effect from reionization, Astrophys. J. 630, 643 (2005).
  77. H. Park, E. Komatsu, P. R. Shapiro, J. Koda, and Y. Mao, The impact of nonlinear structure formation on the power spectrum of transverse momentum fluctuations and the kinetic Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect, Astrophys. J. 818, 37 (2016).
  78. N. Battaglia, The tau of galaxy clusters, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 08 (2016) 058.
  79. J. Sunseri, A. Amon, J. Dunkley, N. Battaglia, S. Ferraro, B. Hadzhiyska, B. R. Guachalla, and E. Schaan, Disentangling the halo: Joint model for measurements of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and galaxy-galaxy lensing, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 546, stag031 (2026).
  80. L. Knox, Determination of inflationary observables by cosmic microwave background anisotropy experiments, Phys. Rev. D 52, 4307 (1995).
  81. J. Torrado and A. Lewis, cobaya: Code for Bayesian analysis of hierarchical physical models, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2021) 057.
  82. S. Amodeo et al., Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Modeling the gas thermodynamics in BOSS CMASS galaxies from kinematic and thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich measurements, Phys. Rev. D 103, 063514 (2021).
  83. H. Zhang et al., AbacusHF-v2: Hod mock catalogs from the AbacusSummit simulations (to be published).
  84. Z. Zheng, A. L. Coil, and I. Zehavi, Galaxy evolution from halo occupation distribution modeling of Deep2 and SDSS galaxy clustering, Astrophys. J. 667, 760 (2007).
  85. D. Nelson, A. Pillepich, S. Genel, M. Vogelsberger, V. Springel, P. Torrey, V. Rodriguez-Gomez, D. Sijacki, G. Snyder, B. Griffen, F. Marinacci, L. Blecha, L. Sales, D. Xu, and L. Hernquist, The Illustris simulation: Public data release, Astron. Comput. 13, 12 (2015).
  86. D. Nelson, V. Springel, A. Pillepich, V. Rodriguez-Gomez, P. Torrey, S. Genel, M. Vogelsberger, R. Pakmor, F. Marinacci, R. Weinberger, L. Kelley, M. Lovell, B. Diemer, and L. Hernquist, The IllustrisTNG simulations: Public data release, Comput. Astrophys. Cosmol. 6, 2 (2019).
  87. B. Hadzhiyska, S. Ferraro, G. S. Farren, N. Sailer, and R. Zhou, Missing baryons recovered: A measurement of the gas fraction in galaxies and groups with the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect and CMB lensing, Phys. Rev. D 112, 123507 (2025).
  88. L. Bigwood et al. (DES Collaboration), Weak lensing combined with the kinetic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect: A study of baryonic feedback, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 534, 655 (2024).
  89. R. H. Liu et al., Measurements of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect with ACT and DESI luminous red galaxies, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083561 (2025).
  90. https://www.desi.lbl.gov/collaborating-institutions.
  91. F. J. Qu, B. Ried Guachalla, E. Schaan, B. Hadzhiyska, and S. Ferraro, Data products for: Precision kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich measurements with DESI DR2 and act DR6: Part I. Luminous red galaxies (2025), https://zenodo.org/records/21289019.
  92. J. Hartlap, P. Simon, and P. Schneider, Why your model parameter confidences might be too optimistic. Unbiased estimation of the inverse covariance matrix, Astron. Astrophys. 464, 399 (2006).
  93. N. Aghanim et al. (Planck Collaboration), Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020); 652, C4(E) (2021).
  94. B. Diemer, colossus: A python toolkit for cosmology, large-scale structure, and dark matter halos, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 239, 35 (2018).
  95. M. Karamanis, F. Beutler, J. A. Peacock, D. Nabergoj, and U. Seljak, Accelerating astronomical and cosmological inference with preconditioned Monte Carlo, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 516, 1644 (2022).
  96. M. Karamanis, D. Nabergoj, F. Beutler, J. A. Peacock, and U. Seljak, pocomc: A python package for accelerated Bayesian inference in astronomy and cosmology, J. Open Source Software 7, 4634 (2022).
  97. M. D. McKay, R. J. Beckman, and W. J. Conover, A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code, Technometrics 21, 239 (1979).
  98. K. Tazi, J. A. Lin, R. Viljoen, A. Gardner, S. John, H. Ge, and R. E. Turner, Beyond intuition, a framework for applying GPS to real-world data, arXiv:2307.03093.
  99. F. Pedregosa, G. Varoquaux, A. Gramfort, V. Michel, B. Thirion, O. Grisel, M. Blondel, P. Prettenhofer, R. Weiss, V. Dubourg, J. Vanderplas, A. Passos, D. Cournapeau, M. Brucher, M. Perrot, and E. Duchesnay, scikit-learn: Machine learning in python, J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825 (2011).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 114, 083540– Published 29 October, 2026
  • Received 27 April 2026
  • Accepted 23 June 2026
Article part of CHORUS
Crossmark - Check for updates button

© 2026 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation