- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review D

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Impact of magnetic field topology on electromagnetic and gravitational waves from binary neutron star merger remnants

Inês Rainho1,*, Jamie Bamber2, Davide Guerra1, Miquel Miravet-Tenés3,1, Milton Ruiz1, Antonios Tsokaros2,4,5, and Stuart L. Shapiro2

  • *Contact author: ianrain@uv.es
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 114, 083011 – Published 5 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/vbc4-2mrk

Abstract

We perform general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of binary neutron star (BNS) mergers with four distinct magnetic field topologies: (i) a dipole pulsarlike configuration, (ii) a mixed linear superposition of poloidal and toroidal components inside the star, and (iii–iv) two topologies featuring a smooth transition from a confined mixed core to a pulsarlike structure at radii 0.95RNS and 0.5RNS, with RNS the radius of the star. The latter topologies are explored in BNS merger studies for the first time. We evolve systems with two equations of state, Skyrme-Lyon (SLy) and WFF1, with Arnowitt-Deser-Misner masses 2.7 and 2.6, respectively, and include an additional lower-mass SLy binary to probe the behavior of long-lived remnants. We perform an extensive analysis of the emission properties of the systems, both electromagnetic and gravitational waves, and of the properties of the remnants, namely their frequency modes, density eigenfunctions, rotation, temperature, and convective stability. We report three key results: (1) for the first time, we assess the convective stability of magnetized remnants, extending previous unmagnetized analyses; (2) we identify a clear secondary peak in the gravitational-wave spectrum of pulsarlike configurations, consistent with the nonlinear coupling of the m=0 and m=2 modes, which is absent in other topologies; and (3) the magnetic field topology strongly influences the gravitational wave emission properties to the extent that nearby (<50  Mpc) events could allow one to observationally distinguish between different field structures with future gravitational-wave detectors. Across all models, we obtain luminosities compatible with short γ-ray bursts, with purely poloidal configurations being the most efficient in driving possible relativistic jets.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (198)

  1. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161101 (2017).
  2. B. P. Abbott et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 848, L12 (2017).
  3. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, Fermi-GBM Collaboration, and INTEGRAL Collaboration), Astrophys. J. Lett. 848, L13 (2017).
  4. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Astrophys. J. Lett. 850, L39 (2017).
  5. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Astrophys. J. Lett. 892, L3 (2020).
  6. A. S. Pozanenko, P. Y. Minaev, S. A. Grebenev, and I. V. Chelovekov, Astron. Lett. 45, 710 (2020).
  7. M. C. Miller et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 918, L28 (2021).
  8. P. Demorest, T. Pennucci, S. Ransom, M. Roberts, and J. Hessels, Nature (London) 467, 1081 (2010).
  9. S. Ascenzi, V. Graber, and N. Rea, Astropart. Phys. 158, 102935 (2024).
  10. J. A. Orosz, J. E. McClintock, R. A. Remillard, and S. Corbel, Astrophys. J. 616, 376 (2004).
  11. H. Yang, W. E. East, and L. Lehner, Astrophys. J. 856, 110 (2018); 870, 139(E) (2019).
  12. B. Margalit and B. D. Metzger, Astrophys. J. Lett. 850, L19 (2017).
  13. M. Shibata, S. Fujibayashi, K. Hotokezaka, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Tanaka, Phys. Rev. D 96, 123012 (2017).
  14. M. Ruiz, S. L. Shapiro, and A. Tsokaros, Phys. Rev. D 97, 021501 (2018).
  15. E. R. Most, L. R. Weih, L. Rezzolla, and J. Schaffner-Bielich, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 261103 (2018).
  16. L. Rezzolla, E. R. Most, and L. R. Weih, Astrophys. J. Lett. 852, L25 (2018).
  17. M. Nicholl et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 848, L18 (2017).
  18. P. S. Cowperthwaite et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 848, L17 (2017).
  19. I. Arcavi et al., Nature (London) 551, 64 (2017).
  20. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, 1M2H Collaboration, Dark Energy Camera GW-E Collaboration, DES, DLT40 Collaboration, Las Cumbres Observatory Collaboration, and VINROUGE, MASTER Collaboration), Nature (London) 551, 85 (2017).
  21. J. P. A. Clark and D. M. Eardley, Astrophys. J. 215, 311 (1977).
  22. J. R. Wilson, in Sources of Gravitational Radiation: Proceedings of the Battelle Seattle Workshop, edited by L. L. Smarr (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979), pp. 423–445.
  23. S. L. Shapiro, Astrophys. J. 240, 246 (1980).
  24. D. L. Gilden and S. L. Shapiro, Astrophys. J. 287, 728 (1984).
  25. D. Lai and S. L. Shapiro, Astrophys. J. 443, 705 (1995).
  26. F. A. Rasio and S. L. Shapiro, Classical Quantum Gravity 16, R1 (1999).
  27. S. Rosswog, M. B. Davies, F. K. Thielemann, and T. Piran, Astron. Astrophys. 360, 171 (2000).
  28. M. Shibata and K. Uryu, Prog. Theor. Phys. 107, 265 (2002).
  29. M. D. Duez, P. Marronetti, S. L. Shapiro, and T. W. Baumgarte, Phys. Rev. D 67, 024004 (2003).
  30. M. Anderson, E. W. Hirschmann, L. Lehner, S. L. Liebling, P. M. Motl, D. Neilsen, C. Palenzuela, and J. E. Tohline, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 191101 (2008).
  31. P. Marronetti and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 68, 104024 (2003).
  32. T. W. Baumgarte and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 80, 064009 (2009).
  33. W. Tichy, Phys. Rev. D 84, 024041 (2011).
  34. W. Tichy, Phys. Rev. D 86, 064024 (2012).
  35. W. E. East, F. M. Ramazanoglu, and F. Pretorius, Phys. Rev. D 86, 104053 (2012).
  36. P. Tsatsin and P. Marronetti, Phys. Rev. D 88, 064060 (2013).
  37. N. Tacik et al., Phys. Rev. D 92, 124012 (2015); 94, 049903(E) (2016).
  38. M. Shibata, K. Taniguchi, and K. Uryu, Phys. Rev. D 71, 084021 (2005).
  39. K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, M. Shibata, and T. Wada, Phys. Rev. D 90, 041502 (2014).
  40. K. Kiuchi, P. Cerdá-Durán, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. D 92, 124034 (2015).
  41. K. Kiuchi, arXiv:2405.10081.
  42. B. Giacomazzo, J. Zrake, P. Duffell, A. I. MacFadyen, and R. Perna, Astrophys. J. 809, 39 (2015).
  43. R. Aguilera-Miret, D. Viganò, F. Carrasco, B. Miñano, and C. Palenzuela, Phys. Rev. D 102, 103006 (2020).
  44. R. Aguilera-Miret, D. Viganò, and C. Palenzuela, Astrophys. J. Lett. 926, L31 (2022).
  45. C. Palenzuela, R. Aguilera-Miret, F. Carrasco, R. Ciolfi, J. V. Kalinani, W. Kastaun, B. Miñano, and D. Viganò, Phys. Rev. D 106, 023013 (2022).
  46. C. Palenzuela, S. Liebling, and B. Miñano, Phys. Rev. D 105, 103020 (2022).
  47. R. Aguilera-Miret, C. Palenzuela, F. Carrasco, and D. Viganò, Phys. Rev. D 108, 103001 (2023).
  48. M. Miravet-Tenés, M. Obergaulinger, P. Cerdá-Durán, J. A. Font, and M. Ruiz, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 545, staf2081 (2025).
  49. J.-L. Jiang, H. H.-Y. Ng, M. Chabanov, and L. Rezzolla, Phys. Rev. D 111, 103043 (2025).
  50. H. H.-Y. Ng, J.-L. Jiang, C. Musolino, C. Ecker, S. D. Tootle, and L. Rezzolla, Phys. Rev. D 109, 064061 (2024).
  51. M. Ruiz, R. N. Lang, V. Paschalidis, and S. L. Shapiro, Astrophys. J. Lett. 824, L6 (2016).
  52. M. Ruiz and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 96, 084063 (2017).
  53. J. Bamber, A. Tsokaros, M. Ruiz, and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 110, 024046 (2024).
  54. R. D. Blandford and R. L. Znajek, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 179, 433 (1977).
  55. V. Paschalidis, M. Ruiz, and S. L. Shapiro, Astrophys. J. Lett. 806, L14 (2015).
  56. M. Ruiz, S. L. Shapiro, and A. Tsokaros, Phys. Rev. D 98, 123017 (2018).
  57. M. Ruiz, A. Tsokaros, V. Paschalidis, and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 99, 084032 (2019).
  58. M. Ruiz, A. Tsokaros, and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 101, 064042 (2020).
  59. M. Ruiz, A. Tsokaros, and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 104, 124049 (2021).
  60. L. Sun, M. Ruiz, S. L. Shapiro, and A. Tsokaros, Phys. Rev. D 105, 104028 (2022).
  61. R. Ciolfi, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 495, L66 (2020).
  62. R. Ciolfi, W. Kastaun, J. V. Kalinani, and B. Giacomazzo, Phys. Rev. D 100, 023005 (2019).
  63. P. Mösta, D. Radice, R. Haas, E. Schnetter, and S. Bernuzzi, Astrophys. J. Lett. 901, L37 (2020).
  64. K. Kiuchi, A. Reboul-Salze, M. Shibata, and Y. Sekiguchi, Nat. Astron. 8, 298 (2024).
  65. R. Aguilera-Miret, C. Palenzuela, F. Carrasco, S. Rosswog, and D. Viganò, Phys. Rev. D 110, 083014 (2024).
  66. M. C. Miller et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 887, L24 (2019).
  67. T. E. Riley et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 887, L21 (2019).
  68. A. J. Dittmann et al., Astrophys. J. 974, 295 (2024).
  69. S. K. Lander and D. I. Jones, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 412, 1730 (2010).
  70. S. K. Lander and D. I. Jones, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 405, 318 (2010).
  71. R. Ciolfi, S. K. Lander, G. M. Manca, and L. Rezzolla, Astrophys. J. Lett. 736, L6 (2011).
  72. R. Ciolfi and L. Rezzolla, Astrophys. J. 760, 1 (2012).
  73. K. Kiuchi, M. Shibata, and S. Yoshida, Phys. Rev. D 78, 024029 (2008).
  74. K. Kiuchi, S. Yoshida, and M. Shibata, Astron. Astrophys. 532, A30 (2011).
  75. P. D. Lasky, B. Zink, K. D. Kokkotas, and K. Glampedakis, Astrophys. J. Lett. 735, L20 (2011).
  76. A. Tsokaros, M. Ruiz, S. L. Shapiro, and K. Uryū, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 061101 (2022).
  77. F. V. Piñas, A. K. L. Yip, P. C.-K. Cheong, and M. Ruiz, Astrophys. J. 1001, 49 (2026).
  78. P. Markey and R. J. Tayler, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 163, 77 (1973).
  79. R. J. Tayler, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 161, 365 (1973).
  80. G. A. E. Wright, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 162, 339 (1973).
  81. N. Rea et al., Astrophys. J. 754, 27 (2012).
  82. A. Colaiuda, V. Ferrari, L. Gualtieri, and J. A. Pons, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 385, 2080 (2008).
  83. R. Ciolfi, Astron. Nachr. 335, 624 (2014).
  84. K. N. Gourgouliatos, T. Wood, and R. Hollerbach, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113, 3944 (2016).
  85. N. Bucciantini, A. G. Pili, and L. Del Zanna, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 719, 012004 (2016).
  86. R. Ciolfi, V. Ferrari, L. Gualtieri, and J. A. Pons, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 397, 913 (2009).
  87. A. P. Igoshev, S. B. Popov, and R. Hollerbach, Universe 7, 351 (2021).
  88. K. Uryu, E. Gourgoulhon, C. Markakis, K. Fujisawa, A. Tsokaros, and Y. Eriguchi, Phys. Rev. D 90, 101501 (2014).
  89. K. Uryu, S. Yoshida, E. Gourgoulhon, C. Markakis, K. Fujisawa, A. Tsokaros, K. Taniguchi, and Y. Eriguchi, Phys. Rev. D 100, 123019 (2019).
  90. K. Uryu, S. Yoshida, E. Gourgoulhon, C. Markakis, K. Fujisawa, A. Tsokaros, K. Taniguchi, and M. Zamani, Phys. Rev. D 107, 103016 (2023).
  91. J. Bamber, A. Tsokaros, M. Ruiz, and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 111, 044038 (2025).
  92. W. Cook, E. M. Gutiérrez, S. Bernuzzi, D. Radice, B. Daszuta, J. Fields, P. Hammond, H. Bandyopadhyay, and M. Jacobi, arXiv:2508.19342.
  93. E. M. Gutiérrez, W. Cook, D. Radice, S. Bernuzzi, J. Fields, P. Hammond, B. Daszuta, H. Bandyopadhyay, and M. Jacobi, arXiv:2506.18995.
  94. A. Tsokaros, J. Bamber, M. Ruiz, and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 121401 (2025).
  95. K. Kawaguchi, S. Fujibayashi, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. D 111, 023015 (2025).
  96. O. Just, M. Obergaulinger, H. T. Janka, A. Bauswein, and N. Schwarz, Astrophys. J. Lett. 816, L30 (2016).
  97. Z. B. Etienne, Y. T. Liu, V. Paschalidis, and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 85, 064029 (2012).
  98. M. Ruiz, S. L. Shapiro, and A. Tsokaros, Front. Astron. Space Sci. 8, 39 (2021).
  99. Z. B. Etienne, Y. T. Liu, and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 82, 084031 (2010).
  100. L. R. Werneck et al., Phys. Rev. D 107, 044037 (2023).
  101. , Vector and Parallel Processing—VECPAR’2002, 5th International Conference, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Springer, Berlin, 2003).
  102. E. Schnetter, S. H. Hawley, and I. Hawke, Classical Quantum Gravity 21, 1465 (2004).
  103. M. Shibata and T. Nakamura, Phys. Rev. D 52, 5428 (1995).
  104. T. W. Baumgarte and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 59, 024007 (1998).
  105. Z. B. Etienne, J. A. Faber, Y. T. Liu, S. L. Shapiro, K. Taniguchi, and T. W. Baumgarte, Phys. Rev. D 77, 084002 (2008).
  106. P. Colella and P. R. Woodward, J. Comput. Phys. 54, 174 (1984).
  107. A. Harten, P. D. Lax, and B. v. Leer, SIAM Rev. 25, 35 (1983).
  108. B. D. Farris, R. Gold, V. Paschalidis, Z. B. Etienne, and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 221102 (2012).
  109. E. Chabanat, P. Bonche, P. Haensel, J. Meyer, and R. Schaeffer, Nucl. Phys. A635, 231 (1998).
  110. R. B. Wiringa, V. Fiks, and A. Fabrocini, Phys. Rev. C 38, 1010 (1988).
  111. L. Boukas, A. Tsokaros, and K. Uryu, Universe 10, 229 (2024).
  112. A. Tsokaros, K. Uryū, and L. Rezzolla, Phys. Rev. D 91, 104030 (2015).
  113. A. Bauswein, S. Blacker, V. Vijayan, N. Stergioulas, K. Chatziioannou, J. A. Clark, N.-U. F. Bastian, D. B. Blaschke, M. Cierniak, and T. Fischer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 141103 (2020).
  114. T. E. Riley et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 918, L27 (2021).
  115. E. Fonseca et al., Astrophys. J. 832, 167 (2016).
  116. J. Antoniadis et al., Science 340, 6131 (2013).
  117. H. T. Cromartie et al. (NANOGrav Collaboration), Nat. Astron. 4, 72 (2019).
  118. P. T. H. Pang, I. Tews, M. W. Coughlin, M. Bulla, C. Van Den Broeck, and T. Dietrich, Astrophys. J. 922, 14 (2021).
  119. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 161101 (2018).
  120. A. Tsokaros, M. Ruiz, and S. L. Shapiro, Astrophys. J. 905, 48 (2020).
  121. R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Astrophys. J. Lett. 896, L44 (2020).
  122. L. Sun, V. Paschalidis, M. Ruiz, and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 96, 043006 (2017).
  123. T. M. Tauris et al., Astrophys. J. 846, 170 (2017).
  124. D. R. Lorimer, Living Rev. Relativity 11, 8 (2008).
  125. K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. D 97, 124039 (2018).
  126. A. A. Schekochihin and S. C. Cowley, arXiv:astro-ph/0507686.
  127. S. S. Chandrasekhar, Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, International Series of Monographs on Physics (Oxford, England) (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1961).
  128. S. A. Balbus and J. F. Hawley, Astrophys. J. 376, 214 (1991).
  129. S. A. Balbus and J. F. Hawley, Rev. Mod. Phys. 70, 1 (1998).
  130. T. Sano, S.-i. Inutsuka, N. J. Turner, and J. M. Stone, Astrophys. J. 605, 321 (2004).
  131. H. Shiokawa, J. C. Dolence, C. F. Gammie, and S. C. Noble, Astrophys. J. 744, 187 (2012).
  132. M. Shibata, S. Fujibayashi, and Y. Sekiguchi, Phys. Rev. D 103, 043022 (2021).
  133. M. Shibata, Numerical Relativity, 100 Years of General Relativity (World Scientific, Singapore, 2015).
  134. S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 95, 101303 (2017).
  135. M. Ruiz, A. Tsokaros, S. L. Shapiro, K. C. Nelli, and S. Qunell, Phys. Rev. D 102, 104022 (2020).
  136. M. DuPont and A. MacFadyen, Astrophys. J. Lett. 971, L24 (2024).
  137. C. Musolino, L. Rezzolla, and E. R. Most, Astrophys. J. Lett. 984, L61 (2025).
  138. J. Wu and E. R. Most, Phys. Rev. D 110, 124046 (2024).
  139. A. V. Gruzinov and P. H. Diamond, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1651 (1994).
  140. A. Bhattacharjee and Y. Yuan, Astrophys. J. 449, 739 (1995).
  141. E. G. Blackman, Space Sci. Rev. 188, 59 (2015).
  142. B. J. Shappee et al., Science 358, 1574 (2017).
  143. G. Ghirlanda, F. Nappo, G. Ghisellini, A. Melandri, G. Marcarini, L. Nava, O. S. Salafia, S. Campana, and R. Salvaterra, Astron. Astrophys. 609, A112 (2018).
  144. B. Paczynski, Astrophys. J. Lett. 308, L43 (1986).
  145. J. Granot and P. Kumar, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 366, L13 (2006).
  146. Y.-C. Zou and T. Piran, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 402, 1854 (2010).
  147. K. Hayashi, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 211407 (2025).
  148. Y. Li, B. Zhang, and H.-J. Lü, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 227, 7 (2016).
  149. P. Beniamini, R. B. Duran, M. Petropoulou, and D. Giannios, Astrophys. J. Lett. 895, L33 (2020).
  150. A. Tsokaros, M. Ruiz, V. Paschalidis, S. L. Shapiro, and K. Uryū, Phys. Rev. D 100, 024061 (2019).
  151. J. Thornburg, Classical Quantum Gravity 21, 743 (2004).
  152. O. Dreyer, B. Krishnan, D. Shoemaker, and E. Schnetter, Phys. Rev. D 67, 024018 (2003).
  153. M. Ruiz, R. Takahashi, M. Alcubierre, and D. Nunez, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 40, 2467 (2008).
  154. F. Maione, R. De Pietri, A. Feo, and F. Löffler, Phys. Rev. D 96, 063011 (2017).
  155. R. De Pietri, A. Feo, J. A. Font, F. Löffler, M. Pasquali, and N. Stergioulas, Phys. Rev. D 101, 064052 (2020).
  156. G. Plonka and M. Tasche, GAMM-Mitteilungen 37, 239 (2014).
  157. D. Potts and M. Tasche, Linear Algebra Appl. 439, 1024 (2013).
  158. K. Takami, L. Rezzolla, and L. Baiotti, Phys. Rev. D 91, 064001 (2015).
  159. N. J. Cornish and T. B. Littenberg, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 135012 (2015).
  160. K. S. Thorne, R. H. Price, and D. A. Macdonald, Black Holes: The Membrane Paradigm (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1986).
  161. R. F. Penna, J. C. McKinney, R. Narayan, A. Tchekhovskoy, R. Shafee, and J. E. McClintock, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 408, 752 (2010).
  162. J. F. Hawley, X. Guan, and J. H. Krolik, Astrophys. J. 738, 84 (2011).
  163. J. F. Hawley, S. A. Richers, X. Guan, and J. H. Krolik, Astrophys. J. 772, 102 (2013).
  164. V. Paschalidis, Y. T. Liu, Z. Etienne, and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 84, 104032 (2011).
  165. M. Cusinato, F. M. Guercilena, A. Perego, D. Logoteta, D. Radice, S. Bernuzzi, and S. Ansoldi, Eur. Phys. J. A 58, 99 (2022).
  166. J. P. Cox, Theory of Stellar Pulsation (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1980).
  167. J.-L. Tassoul, Stellar Rotation, Cambridge Astrophysics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2000).
  168. Y. Gao, K. Hayashi, K. Kiuchi, A. T.-L. Lam, H.-J. Kuan, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. D 113, 023011 (2026).
  169. D. Guerra et al., arXiv:2512.05118.
  170. P. Cerda-Duran, J. A. Font, and H. Dimmelmeier, Astron. Astrophys. 474, 169 (2007).
  171. J. F. Hawley, C. F. Gammie, and S. A. Balbus, Astrophys. J. 440, 742 (1995).
  172. S. L. Shapiro, Astrophys. J. 544, 397 (2000).
  173. M. Kölsch, T. Dietrich, M. Ujevic, and B. Bruegmann, Phys. Rev. D 106, 044026 (2022).
  174. P. C.-K. Cheong, A. Tsokaros, M. Ruiz, F. Venturi, J. C. L. Chan, A. K. L. Yip, and K. Uryu, Phys. Rev. D 111, 063030 (2025).
  175. W. Kastaun, R. Ciolfi, and B. Giacomazzo, Phys. Rev. D 94, 044060 (2016).
  176. F. Zappa, S. Bernuzzi, D. Radice, and A. Perego, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 520, 1481 (2023).
  177. T. Zhao and J. M. Lattimer, Phys. Rev. D 106, 123002 (2022).
  178. E. Gaertig and K. D. Kokkotas, Phys. Rev. D 80, 064026 (2009).
  179. F. Acernese et al. (VIRGO Collaboration), Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 024001 (2015).
  180. J. Aasi et al., Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 074001 (2015).
  181. M. Punturo et al., Classical Quantum Gravity 27, 194002 (2010).
  182. B. P. Abbott et al., Classical Quantum Gravity 34, 044001 (2017).
  183. L. Rezzolla and K. Takami, Phys. Rev. D 93, 124051 (2016).
  184. K. Topolski, S. D. Tootle, and L. Rezzolla, Astrophys. J. 960, 86 (2024).
  185. N. Stergioulas, T. A. Apostolatos, and J. A. Font, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 352, 1089 (2004).
  186. N. Stergioulas, A. Bauswein, K. Zagkouris, and H.-T. Janka, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418, 427 (2011).
  187. B. Bécsy, P. Raffai, N. J. Cornish, R. Essick, J. Kanner, E. Katsavounidis, T. B. Littenberg, M. Millhouse, and S. Vitale, Astrophys. J. 839, 15 (2017).
  188. S. Hild et al., Classical Quantum Gravity 28, 094013 (2011).
  189. N. J. Cornish and T. B. Littenberg, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 135012 (2015).
  190. A. Khan, V. Paschalidis, M. Ruiz, and S. L. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. D 97, 044036 (2018).
  191. B. D. Metzger, Living Rev. Relativity 23, 1 (2020).
  192. D. Radice and I. Hawke, Liv. Rev. Comput. Astrophys. 10, 1 (2024).
  193. A. Perego, F.-K. Thielemann, and G. Cescutti, Handbook of Gravitational Wave Astronomy (Springer, Singapore, 2022).
  194. S. Fujibayashi, K. Kiuchi, S. Wanajo, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Astrophys. J. 942, 39 (2023).
  195. L. D. Matthews et al., Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 130, 015002 (2018).
  196. S. R. Boston, C. R. Evans, and J. C. Clemens, Astrophys. J. 952, 87 (2023).
  197. A. Torres-Forné, P. Cerdá-Durán, A. Passamonti, M. Obergaulinger, and J. A. Font, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 482, 3967 (2019).
  198. L. Blanchet, T. Damour, and G. Schaefer, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 242, 289 (1990).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 114, 083011– Published 5 October, 2026
  • Received 22 October 2025
  • Accepted 3 September 2026
Article part of CHORUS
Crossmark - Check for updates button

© 2026 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation