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Fate of Schwarzschild–de Sitter black holes: Nonequilibrium evaporation

Damien A. Easson*

  • Department of Physics and Beyond Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA

  • *Contact author: easson@asu.edu
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 084014 – Published 7 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/trlf-d6sk

Abstract

We present a fully analytic treatment of Schwarzschild–de Sitter (SdS) black-hole evaporation in two-dimensional dilaton gravity with anomaly-induced backreaction. Starting from the spherical reduction of four-dimensional Einstein gravity with a cosmological constant, we construct an exactly solvable 2D model that captures the full causal and thermodynamic structure of the SdS static patch, including both black-hole and cosmological horizons. Incorporating the trace anomaly of N conformal matter fields via the Polyakov action, we determine the evolution of the black-hole mass and geometry in the Unruh–de Sitter state, track the steady nonequilibrium Hawking flux, and compute local thermodynamic observables for static observers. The conserved Killing energy flux drives an irreversible heat current from the black hole to the cosmological horizon whenever their surface gravities differ, ensuring monotonic entropy growth and satisfaction of the generalized second law. We prove that κb>κc throughout the physical static patch, so the only zero-flux configuration is the Nariai limit where the horizons coincide. Extending the framework to the quantum-information regime, we construct a thermo-controlled estimate of the Page curve and show how quantum extremal surfaces and entanglement islands emerge naturally within the anomaly-induced steady state. These results constitute a fully analytic, backreacted solution for SdS evaporation that unifies semiclassical thermodynamics and information flow in a cosmological setting, thereby elucidating the ultimate fate of evaporating black holes in de Sitter space.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 084014– Published 7 April, 2026
  • Received 25 January 2026
  • Accepted 16 March 2026
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