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ACT DR6+Planck data impact on inflation with nonzero vacuum expectation value and the postinflationary behavior

F. B. M. dos Santos1,*, J. G. Rodrigues1,2,†, G. Rodrigues1,‡, C. Siqueira1,§, and J. S. Alcaniz1,∥

  • *Contact author: fbmsantos@on.br
  • Contact author: jamersonrodrigues@on.br
  • Contact author: gabrielrodrigues@on.br
  • §Contact author: csiqueira@on.br
  • Contact author: alcaniz@on.br

Phys. Rev. D 113, 123545 – Published 24 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/tddw-26tl

Abstract

The impact of the most recent cosmic microwave background (CMB) data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) is studied for a model of cosmic inflation which predicts a nonzero vacuum expectation value M for a large-field regime. Since lower values of M are compatible with the higher spectral index ns provided by the ACT+Planck joint analysis, we establish new limits on this parameter while also considering further CMB data from the latest BICEP/Keck Array release for CMB polarization modes. We find log10M/MPl=2.51.3+1.1 at 68% confidence level, compatible with M/MPl0.003, which is interesting for postinflationary processes, such as preheating. We conduct a lattice simulation for the inflaton field for the first few e-folds, as the model is compatible with the production of relics such as oscillons, which are possible candidates as sources of gravitational waves and primordial black holes. We find that the model indeed produces localized, quasispherical structures compatible with oscillons, which might lead to signatures detectable by future experiments. However, in agreement with recent works, we find that although the abundance of gravitational waves that could be generated in this regime has an amplitude well within the sensitivities of these detectors, the frequency range is on the GHz limit, away from the expected frequencies. Finally, we estimate the impact of a coupling of the type yϕχ2 to the inflaton, in the realization of perturbative reheating, directly impacting the predictions of the model, as lower values of M are consistent with both the entire allowed temperature range, and the limits imposed by BICEP/Keck Array+Planck+ACT.

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