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  • Access by Xinjiang University

Improved constraints on modified Newtonian gravity from Cassini radio tracking data

R. S. Park

A. Hees

B. Famaey

H. Desmond

A. Durakovic

  • Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 024066 – Published 28 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/r7n8-kw38

Abstract

We report an updated constraint on the Solar System quadrupole parameter Q2, which encodes the external field effect predicted by modified gravity versions of the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) paradigm. Using the dataset employed to compute the DE440 planetary ephemerides and estimating it simultaneously with other parameters included in the planetary ephemerides, we find Q2=(1.6±1.8)×10−27  s−2 (1σ), representing an improvement of 40% over previous estimates. We also show explicitly that the contribution to the MOND prediction of Q2 from the Solar System’s largest planet, Jupiter, is at the 0.05% level, validating the approximation of retaining only the Sun in theoretical calculations. With this new constraint on Q2, we update previously acknowledged tensions with external galaxy rotation curves, now leading to discrepancies at the 3−15σ level depending on the detailed mass modeling or the subset of galaxies considered. Within the Milky Way itself, the Q2 constraint imposes an upper bound of only 2% (at 95% confidence) on the MOND boost to the galactic radial acceleration (i.e., the ratio of the observed over baryonic Newtonian acceleration) at the position of the Sun, in strong tension with current observational limits. The updated Q2 posterior finally confirms that Solar System measurements provide stronger constraints than current wide-binary data on classical modified gravity versions of MOND.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 024066– Published 28 July, 2026
  • Received 23 February 2026
  • Accepted 6 July 2026
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