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Updated hadron list for transport simulations of heavy-ion collisions

Jordi Salinas San Martín1, Renan Hirayama2,3,4, Jan Hammelmann2,3, Jamie M. Karthein5, Paolo Parotto6, Jacquelyn Noronha-Hostler1, Claudia Ratti7, and Hannah Elfner8,2,3,4

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 074019 – Published 9 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/plq2-h7wn

Abstract

Hadronic transport approaches used in heavy-ion collision simulations rely on a consistent and accurate hadron list with decay channels. Hadron lists in common use are often experimentally outdated, or, as with the Particle Data Group (PDG) compilations, incompatible with transport codes without further adaptation. We construct PDG2021+, an updated hadron list including all states from the 2021 Particle Data Booklet, together with a binary-decay list designed for direct use in the SMASH transport framework. Using the hadron resonance gas model, we validate the PDG2021+ list against lattice quantum chromodynamics results and experimental yield data. We show that employing 1→2-body decay chains as a proxy for the full decay processes has a suppressing effect in the low-pT region of the pion spectrum and introduces a ∼3% systematic uncertainty in the pion ⟨pT⟩. Moreover, the inclusion of additional states in PDG2021+ further shifts the pion ⟨pT⟩. These result establish PDG2021+ as a robust, transport-ready hadron list and quantify the systematic effects of decay modeling on key heavy-ion observables.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 074019– Published 9 October, 2026
  • Received 10 October 2023
  • Revised 18 September 2025
  • Accepted 9 September 2026
Article part of CHORUS
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