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Measurement of exclusive $π^{+}$ -argon interactions using ProtoDUNE-SP

S. Abbaslu ¹¹⁴, A. Abed Abud ³⁵, R. Acciarri⁶⁶, L. P. Accorsi¹⁹³, M. A. Acero ¹², M. R. Adames ¹⁹³, G. Adamov ⁷², M. Adamowski ⁶⁶, C. Adriano³⁰ et al. (DUNE Collaboration)

C. Adriano³⁰, F. Akbar ¹⁷⁶, F. Alemanno⁹⁸, N. S. Alex¹⁷⁶, K. Allison ⁴³, M. Alrashed¹²³, A. Alton¹³, R. Alvarez³⁹, T. Alves ⁸⁹, A. Aman⁶⁹, H. Amar⁸⁴, P. Amedo^85,84, J. Anderson ⁸, D. A. Andrade⁸⁸, C. Andreopoulos ¹³¹, M. Andreotti ^95,67, M. P. Andrews⁶⁶, F. Andrianala⁵, S. Andringa ¹³⁰, F. Anjarazafy⁵, S. Ansarifard ¹¹⁴, D. Antic¹⁹, M. Antoniassi¹⁹³, A. Aranda-Fernandez ⁴², L. Arellano ¹³⁷, E. Arrieta Diaz ¹⁸¹, M. A. Arroyave ⁶⁶, J. Asaadi ¹⁹⁷, M. Ascencio ¹¹², A. Ashkenazi¹⁹⁴, D. Asner ²⁰, L. Asquith ¹⁹¹, E. Atkin ⁸⁹, D. Auguste¹⁶¹, A. Aurisano ⁴⁰, V. Aushev ¹²⁷, D. Autiero ¹¹³, D. Ávila Gómez⁵⁸, M. B. Azam⁸⁸, F. Azfar¹⁵⁷, A. Back ⁹², J. J. Back ²¹⁰, Y. Bae¹⁴⁵, I. Bagaturia⁷², L. Bagby⁶⁶, D. Baigarashev², S. Balasubramanian⁶⁶, A. Balboni ^67,95, P. Baldi ²⁴, W. Baldini ⁹⁵, J. Baldonedo ²⁰⁷, B. Baller ⁶⁶, B. Bambah ⁸², F. Barao ^130,116, D. Barbu²¹, G. Barenboim ⁸⁴, P. Barham Alzás ³⁵, G. J. Barker ²¹⁰, W. Barkhouse ¹⁵⁰, G. Barr ¹⁵⁷, A. Barros¹⁹³, N. Barros ^130,61, D. Barrow ¹⁵⁷, J. L. Barrow ¹⁴⁵, A. Basharina-Freshville²⁰³, A. Bashyal ²⁰, V. Basque ⁶⁶, M. Bassani¹⁰⁰, D. Basu¹⁵¹, C. Batchelor⁵⁷, L. Bathe-Peters ¹⁵⁷, J. B. R. Battat²¹¹, F. Battisti⁹³, J. Bautista ¹⁴⁵, F. Bay ⁴, J. L. L. Bazo Alba¹⁷⁰, J. F. Beacom ¹⁵⁵, E. Bechetoille¹¹³, B. Behera ¹⁸⁷, E. Belchior ¹³³, B. Bell⁵⁴, G. Bell⁵², L. Bellantoni ⁶⁶, G. Bellettini^104,168, V. Bellini ^94,31, O. Beltramello³⁵, A. Belyaev ²¹⁶, C. Benitez Montiel^84,10, D. Benjamin ²⁰, F. Bento Neves ¹³⁰, J. Berger ⁴⁴, S. Berkman ¹⁴¹, J. Bermudez¹⁰², J. Bernal¹⁰, P. Bernardini ^98,180, A. Bersani ⁹⁷, E. Bertholet ¹⁹⁴, E. Bertolini⁹⁹, S. Bertolucci ^93,17, M. Betancourt ⁶⁶, A. Betancur Rodríguez⁵⁸, Y. Bezawada ²³, A. T. Bezerra⁶², A. Bhat ³⁷, V. Bhatnagar ¹⁶⁰, M. Bhattacharjee ⁹⁰, S. Bhattacharjee¹³³, M. Bhattacharya⁶⁶, S. Bhuller ¹⁵⁷, B. Bhuyan ⁹⁰, S. Biagi ¹⁰⁷, J. Bian ²⁴, K. Biery ⁶⁶, B. Bilki ^15,111, M. Bishai ²⁰, A. Blake ¹²⁸, F. D. Blaszczyk ⁶⁶, G. C. Blazey ¹⁵¹, E. Blucher ³⁷, B. Bogart¹⁴⁰, J. Boissevain¹³², S. Bolognesi³⁴, T. Bolton ¹²³, L. Bomben^99,110, M. Bonesini ^99,142, C. Bonilla-Diaz ³², A. Booth ¹⁷³, F. Boran ⁹², R. Borges Merlo³⁰, N. Bostan ¹¹¹, G. Botogoske¹⁰¹, B. Bottino ^97,71, R. Bouet¹³⁴, J. Boza⁴⁴, J. Bracinik ¹⁶, B. Brahma ⁹¹, D. Brailsford ¹²⁸, F. Bramati⁹⁹, A. Branca ⁹⁹, A. Brandt ¹⁹⁷, J. Bremer ³⁵, S. J. Brice ⁶⁶, V. Brio⁹⁴, C. Brizzolari^99,142, C. Bromberg ¹⁴¹, J. Brooke ¹⁹, A. Bross ⁶⁶, G. Brunetti ^99,142, M. B. Brunetti²⁰⁴, N. Buchanan ⁴⁴, H. Budd ¹⁷⁶, J. Buergi¹⁴, A. Bundock ¹⁹, D. Burgardt²¹², S. Butchart¹⁹¹, G. Caceres V.²³, R. Calabrese ¹⁰¹, R. Calabrese ^95,67, J. Calcutt ^20,156, L. Calivers ¹⁴, E. Calvo ³⁹, A. Caminata ⁹⁷, A. F. Camino¹⁶⁹, W. Campanelli ¹³⁰, A. Campani ^97,71, A. Campos Benitez²⁰⁸, N. Canci ¹⁰¹, J. Capó⁸⁴, I. Caracas¹³⁶, D. Caratelli ²⁷, D. Carber ⁴⁴, J. M. Carceller³⁵, G. Carini²⁰, B. Carlus¹¹³, M. F. Carneiro ²⁰, P. Carniti ^99,142, I. Caro Terrazas ⁴⁴, H. Carranza¹⁹⁷, N. Carrara²³, L. Carroll¹²³, T. Carroll ²¹⁴, A. Carter¹⁷⁷, E. Casarejos ²⁰⁷, D. Casazza ⁹⁵, J. F. Castaño Forero⁷, F. A. Castaño⁶, C. Castromonte ¹⁰⁹, E. Catano-Mur ²¹³, C. Cattadori ⁹⁹, F. Cavalier ¹⁶¹, F. Cavanna ⁶⁶, S. Centro ¹⁵⁹, G. Cerati ⁶⁶, C. Cerna¹¹⁵, A. Cervelli ⁹³, A. Cervera Villanueva⁸⁴, J. Chakrani ¹²⁹, M. Chalifour ³⁵, A. Chappell ²¹⁰, A. Chatterjee ¹⁶⁷, B. Chauhan ¹¹¹, C. Chavez Barajas¹³¹, H. Chen ²⁰, M. Chen ²⁴, W. C. Chen¹⁹⁹, Y. Chen ¹⁸⁵, Z. Chen²⁴, D. Cherdack ⁸¹, S. S. Chhibra¹⁷³, C. Chi⁴⁵, F. Chiapponi⁹³, R. Chirco ⁸⁸, N. Chitirasreemadam^104,168, K. Cho ¹²⁶, S. Choate ¹¹¹, G. Choi¹⁷⁶, D. Chokheli ⁷², P. S. Chong¹⁶⁵, B. Chowdhury⁸, D. Christian ⁶⁶, M. Chung²⁰², E. Church ¹⁵⁸, M. F. Cicala²⁰³, M. Cicerchia¹⁵⁹, V. Cicero^93,17, R. Ciolini ¹⁰⁴, P. Clarke ⁵⁷, G. Cline¹²⁹, A. G. Cocco ¹⁰¹, J. A. B. Coelho¹⁶², A. Cohen¹⁶², J. Collazo²⁰⁷, J. Collot ⁷⁶, H. Combs²⁰⁸, J. M. Conrad¹³⁸, L. Conti ¹⁰⁶, T. Contreras ⁶⁶, M. Convery ¹⁸⁵, K. Conway¹⁸⁹, S. Copello ¹⁰³, P. Cova^100,163, C. Cox¹⁷⁷, L. Cremonesi ¹⁷³, J. I. Crespo-Anadón ³⁹, M. Crisler ⁶⁶, E. Cristaldo ^99,10, J. Crnkovic ⁶⁶, G. Crone²⁰³, R. Cross ²¹⁰, A. Cudd ⁴³, C. Cuesta ³⁹, Y. Cui ²⁶, F. Curciarello ⁹⁶, D. Cussans ¹⁹, J. Dai⁷⁶, O. Dalager⁶⁶, W. Dallaway ¹⁹⁹, R. D’Amico^95,67, H. da Motta ³³, Z. A. Dar²¹³, R. Darby¹⁹¹, L. Da Silva Peres ⁶⁵, Q. David¹¹³, G. S. Davies ¹⁴⁶, S. Davini ⁹⁷, J. Dawson ¹⁶², R. De Aguiar³⁰, P. Debbins ¹¹¹, M. P. Decowski^148,3, A. de Gouvêa¹⁵², P. C. De Holanda³⁰, P. De Jong ^148,3, P. Del Amo Sanchez ⁵¹, G. De Lauretis¹¹³, A. Delbart³⁴, M. Delgado ^99,142, A. Dell’Acqua³⁵, G. Delle Monache ⁹⁶, N. Delmonte ^100,163, P. De Lurgio⁸, G. De Matteis^98,180, J. R. T. de Mello Neto⁶⁵, A. P. A. de Mendonca³⁰, D. M. DeMuth ²⁰⁶, S. Dennis ²⁹, C. Densham ¹⁷⁹, P. Denton ²⁰, G. W. Deptuch ²⁰, A. De Roeck ³⁵, V. De Romeri ⁸⁴, J. P. Detje ²⁹, J. Devine ³⁵, K. Dhanmeher¹¹³, R. Dharmapalan ⁷⁹, M. Dias ²⁰¹, A. Diaz ²⁸, J. S. Díaz⁹², F. Díaz ¹⁷⁰, F. Di Capua ^101,147, A. Di Domenico ^182,105, S. Di Domizio ^97,71, S. Di Falco ¹⁰⁴, L. Di Giulio³⁵, P. Ding ⁶⁶, L. Di Noto ^97,71, E. Diociaiuti ⁹⁶, G. Di Sciascio ¹⁰⁶, V. Di Silvestre¹⁸², C. Distefano ¹⁰⁷, R. Di Stefano¹⁰⁶, R. Diurba ¹⁴, M. Diwan ²⁰, Z. Djurcic ⁸, S. Dolan ³⁵, M. Dolce ²¹², M. J. Dolinski⁵⁴, D. Domenici ⁹⁶, S. Dominguez³⁹, S. Donati ^104,168, S. Doran¹¹², D. Douglas ¹⁸⁵, T. A. Doyle¹⁸⁹, F. Drielsma ¹⁸⁵, D. Duchesneau ⁵¹, K. Duffy ¹⁵⁷, K. Dugas²⁴, P. Dunne ⁸⁹, B. Dutta ¹⁹⁵, D. A. Dwyer¹²⁹, A. S. Dyshkant¹⁵¹, S. Dytman ¹⁶⁹, M. Eads¹⁵¹, A. Earle¹⁹¹, S. Edayath¹¹², D. Edmunds ¹⁴¹, J. Eisch ⁶⁶, W. Emark¹⁵¹, P. Englezos¹⁷⁸, A. Ereditato ³⁷, T. Erjavec²³, C. O. Escobar⁶⁶, J. J. Evans ¹³⁷, E. Ewart ⁹², A. C. Ezeribe ¹⁸⁴, K. Fahey⁶⁶, A. Falcone^99,142, M. Fani’^145,132, D. Faragher¹⁴⁵, C. Farnese ¹⁰², Y. Farzan ¹¹⁴, J. Felix ⁷⁷, Y. Feng ¹¹², M. Ferreira da Silva²⁰¹, G. Ferry¹⁶¹, E. Fialova⁵⁰, L. Fields ¹⁵³, P. Filip ⁴⁹, A. Filkins ¹⁹², F. Filthaut ^148,174, G. Fiorillo ^101,147, M. Fiorini ^95,67, S. Fogarty⁴⁴, W. Foreman ¹³², J. Fowler⁵⁵, J. Franc ⁵⁰, K. Francis ¹⁵¹, D. Franco ³⁷, J. Franklin ⁵⁶, J. Freeman ⁶⁶, J. Fried²⁰, A. Friedland ¹⁸⁵, M. Fucci¹⁸⁹, S. Fuess ⁶⁶, I. K. Furic⁶⁸, K. Furman¹⁷³, A. P. Furmanski ¹⁴⁵, R. Gaba¹⁶⁰, A. Gabrielli ^93,17, A. M. Gago¹⁷⁰, F. Galizzi^99,142, H. Gallagher²⁰⁰, M. Galli¹⁶², N. Gallice ²⁰, V. Galymov ¹¹³, E. Gamberini ³⁵, T. Gamble¹⁸⁴, R. Gandhi ⁷⁸, S. Ganguly ⁶⁶, F. Gao ²⁷, S. Gao ²⁰, D. Garcia-Gamez ⁷³, M. Á. García-Peris¹³⁷, F. Gardim⁶², S. Gardiner ⁶⁶, A. Gartman⁵⁰, A. Gauch¹⁴, P. Gauzzi ^182,105, S. Gazzana ⁹⁶, G. Ge⁴⁵, N. Geffroy⁵¹, B. Gelli ³⁰, S. Gent¹⁸⁸, L. Gerlach²⁰, A. Ghosh¹¹², T. Giammaria^95,67, D. Gibin ^159,102, I. Gil-Botella ³⁹, A. Gioiosa ¹⁰⁶, S. Giovannella ⁹⁶, A. K. Giri⁹¹, V. Giusti ¹⁰⁴, D. Gnani¹²⁹, O. Gogota ¹²⁷, S. Gollapinni ¹³², K. Gollwitzer⁶⁶, R. A. Gomes ⁶³, L. S. Gomez Fajardo ¹⁸³, D. Gonzalez-Diaz ⁸⁵, J. Gonzalez-Santome³⁵, M. C. Goodman ⁸, S. Goswami¹⁶⁷, C. Gotti ⁹⁹, J. Goudeau¹³³, C. Grace ¹²⁹, E. Gramellini ¹³⁷, R. Gran ¹⁴⁴, P. Granger ³⁵, C. Grant¹⁸, D. R. Gratieri ^70,30, G. Grauso¹⁰¹, P. Green ¹⁵⁷, S. Greenberg^129,22, W. C. Griffith¹⁹¹, K. Grzelak ²⁰⁹, L. Gu¹²⁸, W. Gu ²⁰, V. Guarino⁸, M. Guarise ^95,67, R. Guenette ¹³⁷, M. Guerzoni ⁹³, D. Guffanti ^99,142, A. Guglielmi ¹⁰², F. Y. Guo ¹⁸⁹, A. Gupta⁸⁷, V. Gupta^148,3, G. Gurung¹⁹⁷, D. Gutierrez¹⁷¹, P. Guzowski ¹³⁷, M. M. Guzzo ³⁰, S. Gwon³⁸, A. Habig ¹⁴⁴, L. Haegel ¹¹³, R. Hafeji ^84,85, L. Hagaman ³⁷, A. Hahn⁶⁶, J. Hakenmüller ⁵⁵, T. Hamernik ⁶⁶, P. Hamilton ⁸⁹, J. Hancock ¹⁶, M. Handley²⁹, F. Happacher ⁹⁶, B. Harris ¹⁶⁵, D. A. Harris ^217,66, L. Harris⁷⁹, A. L. Hart ¹⁷³, J. Hartnell ¹⁹¹, T. Hartnett¹⁷⁹, J. Harton ⁴⁴, T. Hasegawa ¹²⁵, C. M. Hasnip ³⁵, R. Hatcher ⁶⁶, S. Hawkins¹⁴¹, J. Hays ¹⁷³, M. He⁸¹, A. Heavey ⁶⁶, K. M. Heeger ²¹⁵, A. Heindel¹⁸⁹, J. Heise ¹⁹⁰, P. Hellmuth¹³⁴, L. Henderson¹⁵⁶, K. Herner ⁶⁶, V. Hewes ⁴⁰, A. Higuera¹⁷⁵, A. Himmel ⁶⁶, E. Hinkle³⁷, L. R. Hirsch¹⁹³, J. Ho ⁵³, J. Hoefken Zink ⁹³, J. Hoff⁶⁶, A. Holin ¹⁷⁹, T. Holvey ¹⁵⁷, C. Hong¹⁶², S. 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Ketchum⁶⁶, S. H. Kettell ²⁰, N. Khan⁸⁹, A. Khvedelidze ⁷², D. Kim ¹⁹⁵, J. Kim¹⁷⁶, M. J. Kim⁶⁶, S. Kim³⁸, B. King ⁶⁶, M. King ³⁷, M. Kirby ²⁰, A. Kish ⁶⁶, J. Klein ¹⁶⁵, J. Kleykamp ¹⁴⁶, A. Klustova ⁸⁹, T. Kobilarcik ⁶⁶, L. Koch ¹³⁶, K. Koehler²¹⁴, L. W. Koerner ⁸¹, D. H. Koh¹⁸⁵, M. Kordosky ²¹³, T. Kosc ⁷⁶, V. A. Kostelecký⁹², I. Kotler⁵⁴, W. Krah ¹⁴⁸, R. Kralik¹⁹¹, M. Kramer ¹²⁹, F. Krennrich¹¹², T. Kroupova ¹⁶⁵, S. Kubota¹³⁷, M. Kubu³⁵, V. A. Kudryavtsev ¹⁸⁴, G. Kufatty⁶⁹, S. Kuhlmann ⁸, A. Kumar ¹⁴⁵, J. Kumar⁷⁹, M. Kumar⁸⁷, P. Kumar ¹²⁰, P. Kumar¹⁸⁴, S. Kumaran ²⁴, J. Kunzmann ¹⁴, V. Kus ⁵⁰, T. Kutter¹³³, J. Kvasnicka⁴⁹, T. Labree¹⁵¹, M. Lachat¹⁷⁶, T. Lackey⁶⁶, I. Lalău²¹, A. Lambert¹²⁹, B. J. Land¹⁶⁵, C. E. Lane ⁵⁴, N. Lane¹³⁷, K. Lang ¹⁹⁸, T. Langford ²¹⁵, M. Langstaff¹³⁷, F. Lanni ³⁵, J. Larkin¹⁷⁶, P. Lasorak ⁸⁹, D. Last¹⁷⁶, A. Laundrie²¹⁴, G. Laurenti ⁹³, E. Lavaut¹⁶¹, H. Lay ¹²⁸, I. Lazanu ²¹, R. LaZur ⁴⁴, M. Lazzaroni ^100,143, T. Le²⁰⁰, S. Leardini⁸⁵, J. Learned ⁷⁹, T. LeCompte ¹⁸⁵, G. Lehmann Miotto ³⁵, R. Lehnert⁹², M. Leitner ¹²⁹, H. Lemoine¹⁴⁴, D. Leon Silverio¹⁸⁷, L. M. Lepin⁶⁹, J.-Y. Li⁵⁷, S. W. Li²⁴, Y. Li ²⁰, R. Lima⁶², C. S. Lin¹²⁹, D. Lindebaum¹⁹, S. Linden²⁰, R. A. Lineros ³², A. Lister ²¹⁴, B. R. Littlejohn ⁸⁸, J. Liu ²⁴, Y. Liu ³⁷, S. Lockwitz ⁶⁶, I. Lomidze⁷², K. Long⁸⁹, J. Lopez⁶, I. López de Rego³⁹, N. López-March ⁸⁴, J. M. LoSecco¹⁵³, A. Lozano Sanchez⁵⁴, X.-G. Lu²¹⁰, K. B. Luk^80,129,22, X. Luo ²⁷, E. Luppi ^95,67, A. A. Machado³⁰, P. Machado ⁶⁶, C. T. Macias⁹², J. R. Macier⁶⁶, M. MacMahon²⁰³, S. Magill ⁸, C. Magueur¹⁶¹, K. Mahn ¹⁴¹, A. Maio ^130,61, N. Majeed¹²³, A. Major ⁵⁵, K. Majumdar¹³¹, A. Malige⁴⁵, S. Mameli¹⁰⁴, M. Man¹⁹⁹, R. C. Mandujano²⁴, J. Maneira^130,61, S. Manly ¹⁷⁶, A. Mann ²⁰⁰, K. Manolopoulos¹⁷⁹, M. Manrique Plata ⁹², S. Manthey Corchado ³⁹, L. Manzanillas-Velez ⁵¹, E. Mao¹⁹², M. Marchan⁶⁶, A. Marchionni ⁶⁶, D. Marfatia⁷⁹, C. Mariani ²⁰⁸, J. Maricic ⁷⁹, F. Marinho ¹¹⁷, A. D. Marino ⁴³, T. Markiewicz ¹⁸⁵, F. Das Chagas Marques³⁰, M. Marshak ¹⁴⁵, C. M. Marshall¹⁷⁶, J. Marshall ²¹⁰, L. Martina ^98,180, J. Martín-Albo ⁸⁴, D. A. Martinez Caicedo ¹⁸⁷, M. Martinez-Casales ⁶⁶, F. Martínez López ⁹², S. Martynenko ²⁰, V. Mascagna ⁹⁹, A. Mastbaum ¹⁷⁸, M. Masud ³⁸, F. Matichard¹²⁹, G. Matteucci ^101,147, J. Matthews ¹³³, C. Mauger ¹⁶⁵, N. Mauri ^93,17, K. Mavrokoridis ¹³¹, I. Mawby ¹²⁸, F. Mayhew ¹⁴¹, T. McAskill²¹¹, N. McConkey¹⁷³, B. McConnell⁹², K. S. McFarland ¹⁷⁶, C. McGivern ⁶⁶, C. McGrew ¹⁸⁹, A. McNab ¹³⁷, C. McNulty¹²⁹, J. Mead ¹⁴⁸, L. Meazza ⁹⁹, V. C. N. Meddage⁶⁸, A. Medhi ⁹⁰, M. Mehmood ²¹⁷, B. Mehta ¹⁶⁰, P. Mehta ¹²⁰, F. Mei^93,17, P. Melas¹¹, L. Mellet ¹⁴¹, T. C. D. Melo⁶², O. Mena ⁸⁴, H. Mendez ¹⁷¹, D. P. Méndez ²⁰, A. Menegolli ^103,164, G. Meng ¹⁰², A. C. E. A. Mercuri¹⁹³, A. Meregaglia ¹³⁴, M. D. Messier⁹², S. Metallo¹⁴⁵, W. Metcalf¹³³, M. Mewes ⁹², H. Meyer ²¹², T. Miao⁶⁶, J. Micallef^200,138, A. Miccoli ⁹⁸, G. Michna¹⁸⁸, R. Milincic⁷⁹, F. Miller ²¹⁴, G. Miller¹³⁷, W. Miller ¹⁴⁵, A. Minotti ^99,142, L. Miralles Verge³⁵, C. Mironov ¹⁶², S. Miscetti ⁹⁶, C. S. Mishra⁶⁶, P. Mishra⁸², S. R. Mishra¹⁸⁶, D. Mladenov³⁵, I. Mocioiu¹⁶⁶, A. Mogan ⁶⁶, R. Mohanta ⁸², T. A. Mohayai ⁹², N. Mokhov ⁶⁶, J. Molina¹⁰, L. Molina Bueno ⁸⁴, E. Montagna^93,17, A. Montanari ⁹³, C. Montanari ^103,66,164, D. Montanari ⁶⁶, D. Montanino ^98,180, L. M. Montaño Zetina⁴¹, M. Mooney ⁴⁴, A. F. Moor ¹⁸⁴, M. Moore¹⁸⁵, Z. Moore ¹⁹², D. Moreno ⁷, G. Moreno-Granados²⁰⁸, O. Moreno-Palacios²¹³, L. Morescalchi ¹⁰⁴, C. Morris⁸¹, E. Motuk²⁰³, C. A. Moura ⁶⁴, G. Mouster ¹²⁸, W. Mu ⁶⁶, L. Mualem ²⁸, J. Mueller ⁶⁶, M. Muether ²¹², F. Muheim ⁵⁷, A. Muir ⁵², Y. Mukhamejanov ², A. Mukhamejanova², M. Mulhearn ²³, D. Munford⁸¹, L. J. Munteanu ³⁵, H. Muramatsu ¹⁴⁵, J. Muraz ⁷⁶, M. Murphy²⁰⁸, T. Murphy¹⁹², A. Mytilinaki¹⁷⁹, J. Nachtman ¹¹¹, Y. Nagai ⁵⁹, S. Nagu ¹³⁵, D. Naples¹⁶⁹, S. Narita ¹¹⁸, J. Nava ^93,17, A. Navrer-Agasson ^89,137, N. Nayak ²⁰, M. Nebot-Guinot ⁵⁷, A. Nehm ¹³⁶, J. K. Nelson ²¹³, O. Neogi¹¹¹, J. Nesbit²¹⁴, M. Nessi ^66,35, D. Newbold ¹⁷⁹, M. Newcomer ¹⁶⁵, D. Newmark¹³⁸, R. Nichol ²⁰³, F. Nicolas-Arnaldos⁷³, A. Nielsen²⁴, A. Nikolica¹⁶⁵, J. Nikolov¹⁵⁴, E. Niner ⁶⁶, X. Ning ²⁰, K. Nishimura ⁷⁹, A. Norman ⁶⁶, A. Norrick ⁶⁶, F. Noto ¹⁰⁷, P. Novella ⁸⁴, A. Nowak¹²⁸, J. A. Nowak ¹²⁸, M. Oberling⁸, J. P. Ochoa-Ricoux²⁴, S. Oh ⁵⁵, S. B. Oh⁶⁶, A. Olivier ¹⁵³, T. Olson ⁸¹, Y. Onel ¹¹¹, Y. Onishchuk ¹²⁷, A. Oranday⁹², M. Osbiston²¹⁰, J. A. Osorio Vélez⁶, L. O’Sullivan¹³⁶, L. Otiniano Ormachea ^46,109, L. Pagani ²³, G. Palacio ⁵⁸, O. Palamara ⁶⁶, S. Palestini ¹⁰⁸, J. M. Paley ⁶⁶, M. Pallavicini ^97,71, C. Palomares ³⁹, S. Pan¹⁶⁷, M. Panareo ^98,180, P. Panda⁸², V. Pandey ⁶⁶, W. Panduro Vazquez ¹⁷⁷, E. Pantic²³, V. Paolone ¹⁶⁹, A. Papadopoulou ¹³², R. Papaleo ¹⁰⁷, D. Papoulias ¹¹, S. Paramesvaran ¹⁹, J. Park³⁸, S. Parke ⁶⁶, S. Parsa¹⁴, S. Parveen¹²⁰, M. Parvu ²¹, D. Pasciuto ¹⁰⁴, S. Pascoli ^93,17, L. Pasqualini ^93,17, J. Pasternak⁸⁹, G. Patel¹⁴⁵, J. L. Paton ⁶⁶, C. Patrick ⁵⁷, L. Patrizii ⁹³, R. B. Patterson ²⁸, T. Patzak ¹⁶², A. Paudel ⁶⁶, J. Paul¹⁴⁸, L. Paulucci ¹¹⁷, Z. Pavlovic ⁶⁶, G. Pawloski ¹⁴⁵, D. Payne ¹³¹, A. Peake¹⁷⁷, V. Pec ⁴⁹, E. Pedreschi ¹⁰⁴, S. J. M. Peeters¹⁹¹, W. Pellico⁶⁶, E. Pennacchio ¹¹³, A. Penzo ¹¹¹, O. L. G. Peres³⁰, Y. F. Perez Gonzalez⁵⁶, L. Pérez-Molina ³⁹, C. Pernas²¹³, J. Perry⁵⁷, D. Pershey ⁶⁹, G. Pessina ⁹⁹, G. Petrillo ¹⁸⁵, C. Petta ^94,31, R. Petti¹⁸⁶, M. Pfaff⁸⁹, V. Pia^93,17, G. M. Piacentino¹⁰⁶, L. Pickering ^179,177, L. Pierini^67,95, F. Pietropaolo ^35,102, V. L. Pimentel ^47,30, G. Pinaroli²⁰, S. Pincha⁹⁰, J. Pinchault⁵¹, K. Pitts ²⁰⁸, P. Plesniak⁸⁹, K. Pletcher¹⁴¹, K. Plows¹⁵⁷, C. Pollack¹⁷¹, T. Pollmann^148,3, F. Pompa ⁸⁴, M. Artero Pons¹⁵⁹, X. Pons³⁵, N. Poonthottathil ^87,112, V. Popov¹⁹⁴, F. Poppi^93,17, J. Porter¹⁹¹, L. G. Porto Paixão³⁰, M. Potekhin²⁰, M. Pozzato ^93,17, R. Pradhan⁹¹, T. Prakash¹²⁹, M. Prest ⁹⁹, F. Psihas ⁶⁶, D. Pugnere ¹¹³, D. Pullia ^35,162, X. Qian ²⁰, J. Queen⁵⁵, J. L. Raaf⁶⁶, M. Rabelhofer⁹², V. Radeka²⁰, J. Rademacker ¹⁹, F. Raffaelli ¹⁰⁴, A. Rafique ⁸, A. Rahe¹⁵¹, S. Rajagopalan ²⁰, M. Rajaoalisoa ⁴⁰, I. Rakhno⁶⁶, L. Rakotondravohitra ⁵, M. A. Ralaikoto⁵, L. Ralte ⁹¹, M. A. Ramirez Delgado¹⁶⁵, B. Ramson ⁶⁶, S. S. Randriamanampisoa⁵, A. Rappoldi ^103,164, G. Raselli ^103,164, T. Rath¹⁸⁷, P. Ratoff ¹²⁸, R. Ray⁶⁶, H. Razafinime ⁴⁰, R. F. Razakamiandra¹⁸⁹, E. M. Rea¹⁴⁵, J. S. Real ⁷⁶, B. Rebel ^214,66, R. Rechenmacher⁶⁶, J. Reichenbacher ¹⁸⁷, S. D. Reitzner⁶⁶, E. Renner ¹³², S. Repetto^97,71, S. Rescia²⁰, F. Resnati³⁵, C. Reynolds¹⁷³, M. Ribas¹⁹³, S. Riboldi ¹⁰⁰, C. Riccio ¹⁸⁹, G. Riccobene¹⁰⁷, J. S. Ricol⁷⁶, M. Rigan ¹⁹¹, A. Rikalo¹⁵⁴, E. V. Rincón⁵⁸, A. Ritchie-Yates¹⁷⁷, D. Rivera ¹³², A. Robert⁷⁶, A. Roberts¹³¹, E. Robles²⁴, M. Roda ¹³¹, D. Rodas Rodríguez⁸⁵, M. J. O. Rodrigues⁶², J. Rodriguez Rondon ¹⁸⁷, S. Rosauro-Alcaraz ¹⁶¹, P. Rosier¹⁶¹, D. Ross¹⁴¹, M. Rossella ^103,164, M. Ross-Lonergan ⁴⁵, T. Rotsy⁵, N. Roy ²¹⁷, P. Roy ²¹², P. Roy ²⁰⁸, C. Rubbia⁷⁴, D. Rudik ¹⁰¹, A. Ruggeri⁹³, G. Ruiz Ferreira ¹³⁷, K. Rushiya¹²⁰, B. Russell ¹³⁸, S. Sacerdoti ¹⁶², N. Saduyev², S. K. Sahoo ⁹¹, N. Sahu ⁹¹, S. Sakhiyev², P. Sala ⁶⁶, G. Salmoria¹⁹³, S. Samanta⁹⁷, M. C. Sanchez⁶⁹, A. Sánchez-Castillo⁷³, P. Sanchez-Lucas⁷³, D. A. Sanders ¹⁴⁶, S. Sanfilippo ¹⁰⁷, D. Santoro^100,163, N. Saoulidou ¹¹, P. Sapienza ¹⁰⁷, I. Sarcevic⁹, I. Sarra ⁹⁶, G. Savage⁶⁶, V. Savinov ¹⁶⁹, G. Scanavini ²¹⁵, A. Scanu⁹⁹, A. Scaramelli¹⁰³, T. Schefke¹³³, H. Schellman ^156,66, S. Schifano ^95,67, P. Schlabach⁶⁶, D. Schmitz ³⁷, A. W. Schneider ¹³⁸, K. Scholberg ⁵⁵, A. Schroeder¹⁴⁵, A. Schukraft ⁶⁶, B. Schuld ⁴³, S. Schwartz²⁸, A. Segade²⁰⁷, E. Segreto ³⁰, A. Selyunin¹⁴, C. R. Senise²⁰¹, J. Sensenig ¹⁶⁵, S. H. Seo⁶⁶, D. Seppela¹⁴¹, M. H. Shaevitz⁴⁵, P. Shanahan ⁶⁶, P. Sharma¹⁶⁰, R. Kumar¹⁷², S. Sharma Poudel¹⁸⁷, K. Shaw ¹⁹¹, T. Shaw ⁶⁶, K. Shchablo¹¹³, J. Shen¹⁶⁵, C. Shepherd-Themistocleous ¹⁷⁹, J. Shi²⁹, W. Shi ¹⁸⁹, S. Shin ¹²¹, S. Shivakoti²¹², A. Shmakov²⁴, I. Shoemaker ²⁰⁸, D. Shooltz¹⁴¹, R. Shrock ¹⁸⁹, M. Siden⁴⁴, J. Silber ¹²⁹, L. Simard ¹⁶¹, J. Sinclair ¹⁸⁵, G. Sinev¹⁸⁷, Jaydip Singh²³, J. Singh ¹³⁵, L. Singh⁴⁸, P. Singh ¹⁷³, V. Singh ⁴⁸, S. Singh Chauhan ¹⁶⁰, R. Sipos ³⁵, C. Sironneau¹⁶², G. Sirri ⁹³, K. Siyeon ³⁸, K. Skarpaas¹⁸⁵, J. Smedley¹⁷⁶, J. Smith ¹⁸⁹, P. Smith⁹², J. Smolik^50,49, M. Smy²⁴, M. Snape²¹⁰, E. L. Snider⁶⁶, P. Snopok ⁸⁸, M. Soares Nunes ⁶⁶, H. Sobel ²⁴, M. Soderberg ¹⁹², H. Sogarwal¹¹², C. J. Solano Salinas ²⁰⁵, S. Söldner-Rembold ⁸⁹, N. Solomey ²¹², V. Solovov ¹³⁰, W. E. Sondheim¹³², M. Sorbara ¹⁰⁶, M. Sorel ⁸⁴, J. Soto-Oton ⁸⁴, A. Sousa ⁴⁰, K. Soustruznik³⁶, D. Souza Correia³³, F. Spinella ¹⁰⁴, J. Spitz ¹⁴⁰, N. J. C. Spooner¹⁸⁴, D. Stalder ¹⁰, M. Stancari⁶⁶, L. Stanco ^159,102, J. Steenis²³, R. Stein ¹⁹, H. M. Steiner¹²⁹, A. F. Steklain Lisbôa¹⁹³, J. Stewart²⁰, B. Stillwell ³⁷, J. Stock ¹⁸⁷, T. Stokes ²¹⁵, T. Strauss ⁶⁶, L. Strigari ¹⁹⁵, A. Stuart ⁴², J. G. Suarez⁵⁸, J. Subash¹⁶, A. Surdo ⁹⁸, L. Suter ⁶⁶, A. Sutton ⁶⁹, K. Sutton ²⁸, Y. Suvorov^101,147, R. Svoboda ²³, S. K. Swain¹⁴⁹, C. Sweeney¹¹², B. Szczerbinska¹⁹⁶, A. M. Szelc ⁵⁷, A. Sztuc ²⁰³, A. Taffara¹⁰⁴, N. Talukdar ¹⁸⁶, J. Tamara⁷, H. A. Tanaka¹⁸⁵, S. Tang ²⁰, N. Taniuchi²⁹, A. M. Tapia Casanova ¹³⁹, A. Tapper ⁸⁹, S. Tariq ⁶⁶, E. Tatar⁸³, R. Tayloe ⁹², A. M. Teklu¹⁸⁹, K. Tellez Giron Flores²⁰, J. Tena Vidal ¹⁹⁴, P. Tennessen^129,4, M. Tenti ⁹³, K. Terao ¹⁸⁵, F. Terranova ^99,142, G. Testera ⁹⁷, T. Thakore ⁴⁰, A. Thea ¹⁷⁹, S. Thomas¹⁹², A. Thompson ¹⁵², C. Thorpe¹³⁷, S. C. Timm⁶⁶, E. Tiras ^60,111, V. Tishchenko ²⁰, S. Tiwari ¹⁷⁶, N. Todorović¹⁵⁴, L. Tomassetti ^95,67, A. Tonazzo ¹⁶², D. Torbunov ²⁰, D. Torres Muñoz¹⁸⁷, M. Torti^99,142, M. Tortola ⁸⁴, Y. Torun ⁸⁸, N. Tosi ⁹³, D. Totani⁴⁴, M. Toups ⁶⁶, C. Touramanis ¹³¹, V. Trabattoni ¹⁰⁰, D. Tran⁸¹, J. Trevor²⁸, E. Triller¹⁴¹, S. Trilov ¹⁹, D. Trotta⁹⁹, J. Truchon²¹⁴, D. Truncali^182,105, W. H. Trzaska ¹²², Y. Tsai ²⁴, Y.-T. Tsai¹⁸⁵, Z. Tsamalaidze ⁷², K. V. Tsang¹⁸⁵, N. Tsverava ⁷², S. Z. Tu¹¹⁹, S. Tufanli³⁵, C. Tunnell ¹⁷⁵, J. Turner ⁵⁶, M. Tuzi⁸⁴, M. Tzanov¹³³, M. A. Uchida ²⁹, J. Ureña González⁸⁴, J. Urheim ⁹², T. Usher ¹⁸⁵, H. Utaegbulam ¹⁷⁶, S. Uzunyan¹⁵¹, M. R. Vagins ^124,24, P. Vahle ²¹³, G. A. Valdiviesso⁶², E. Valencia ⁷⁷, R. Valentim ²⁰¹, Z. Vallari ¹⁵⁵, E. Vallazza ⁹⁹, J. W. F. Valle⁸⁴, R. Van Berg ¹⁶⁵, D. V. Forero¹³⁹, A. Vannozzi⁹⁶, M. Van Nuland-Troost¹⁴⁸, F. Varanini ¹⁰², D. Vargas Oliva¹⁹⁹, N. Vaughan ¹⁵⁶, K. Vaziri⁶⁶, A. Vázquez-Ramos⁷³, J. Vega ⁴⁶, J. Vences^130,61, S. Ventura ¹⁰², A. Verdugo ³⁹, M. Verzocchi ⁶⁶, K. Vetter⁶⁶, M. Vicenzi ²⁰, H. Vieira de Souza ¹⁶², C. Vignoli ⁷⁵, C. Vilela ¹³⁰, E. Villa ³⁵, S. Viola ¹⁰⁷, B. Viren²⁰, G. V. Stenico⁵⁷, R. Vizarreta¹⁷⁶, A. P. Vizcaya Hernandez⁴⁴, S. Vlachos ¹³⁷, G. Vorobyev¹⁸⁶, Q. Vuong¹⁷⁶, A. V. Waldron ¹⁷³, L. Walker⁸¹, H. Wallace¹⁷⁷, M. Wallach¹⁴¹, J. Walsh¹⁴¹, T. Walton⁶⁶, L. Wan ⁶⁶, B. Wang ¹¹¹, H. Wang²⁵, J. Wang¹⁸⁷, M. H. L. S. Wang⁶⁶, X. Wang⁶⁶, Y. Wang ⁸⁶, D. Warner⁴⁴, L. Warsame ¹⁷⁹, M. O. Wascko^157,179, D. Waters ²⁰³, A. Watson ¹⁶, K. Wawrowska^179,191, A. Weber ^136,66, C. M. Weber¹⁴⁵, M. Weber ¹⁴, H. Wei ¹³³, A. Weinstein ¹¹², S. Westerdale ²⁶, M. Wetstein¹¹², K. Whalen ¹⁷⁹, A. J. White²¹⁵, L. H. Whitehead ²⁹, D. Whittington ¹⁹², F. Wieler¹⁹³, J. Wilhlemi²¹⁵, M. J. Wilking ¹⁴⁵, A. Wilkinson ²¹⁰, C. Wilkinson ¹²⁹, F. Wilson ¹⁷⁹, R. J. Wilson ⁴⁴, P. Winter ⁸, J. Wolcott ²⁰⁰, J. Wolfs ¹⁷⁶, T. Wongjirad²⁰⁰, A. Wood⁸¹, K. Wood¹²⁹, E. Worcester ²⁰, M. Worcester ²⁰, K. Wresilo²⁹, M. Wright¹³⁷, M. Wrobel⁴⁴, S. Wu ¹⁴⁵, W. Wu ²⁴, Z. Wu²⁴, M. Wurm ¹³⁶, J. Wyenberg⁵³, B. M. Wynne ⁵⁷, Y. Xiao²⁴, I. Xiotidis⁸⁹, B. Yaeggy ⁴⁰, N. Yahlali⁸⁴, E. Yandel ²⁷, G. Yang ^20,189, J. Yang⁸⁰, T. Yang ⁶⁶, A. Yankelevich ²⁴, L. Yates ⁶⁶, U. Yevarouskaya ¹⁸⁹, K. Yonehara ⁶⁶, T. Young ¹⁵⁰, B. Yu ²⁰, H. Yu ²⁰, J. Yu ¹⁹⁷, W. Yuan ⁵⁷, M. Zabloudil⁵⁰, R. Zaki²¹⁷, J. Zalesak ⁴⁹, L. Zambelli ⁵¹, B. Zamorano ⁷³, A. Zani ¹⁰⁰, O. Zapata⁶, L. Zazueta ¹⁹², G. P. Zeller⁶⁶, J. Zennamo⁶⁶, J. Zettlemoyer ⁶⁶, K. Zeug ²¹⁴, C. Zhang ²⁰, S. Zhang ⁹², Y. Zhang ²⁰, L. Zhao ²⁴, M. Zhao ²⁰, E. D. Zimmerman ⁴³, S. Zucchelli ^93,17, V. Zutshi¹⁵¹, and R. Zwaska ⁶⁶ (DUNE Collaboration)

¹University of Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222, USA
²Institute of Nuclear Physics at Almaty, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
³University of Amsterdam, NL-1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⁴Antalya Bilim University, 07190, Döşemealt𝚤/Antalya, Turkey
⁵University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
⁶University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
⁷Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
⁸Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
⁹University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
¹⁰Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
¹¹University of Athens, Zografou GR 157 84, Greece
¹²Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
¹³Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
¹⁴University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
¹⁵Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
¹⁶University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
¹⁷Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
¹⁸Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
¹⁹University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
²⁰Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
²¹University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
²²University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
²³University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
²⁴University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
²⁵University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
²⁶University of California Riverside, Riverside California 92521, USA
²⁷University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
²⁸California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
²⁹University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
³⁰Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas—São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
³¹Università di Catania, 2–95131 Catania, Italy
³²Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
³³Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, Brazil
³⁴IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
³⁵CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland
³⁶Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the Charles University, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
³⁷University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
³⁸Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
³⁹CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
⁴⁰University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
⁴¹Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
⁴²Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
⁴³University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
⁴⁴Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
⁴⁵Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
⁴⁶Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial, Lima, Peru
⁴⁷Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao Renato Archer, Amarais—Campinas, São Paulo—CEP 13069-901, Brazil
⁴⁸Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, India
⁴⁹Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
⁵⁰Czech Technical University, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
⁵¹Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France
⁵²Daresbury Laboratory, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
⁵³Dordt University, Sioux Center, Iowa 51250, USA
⁵⁴Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
⁵⁵Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
⁵⁶Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
⁵⁷University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom
⁵⁸Universidad EIA, Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia
⁵⁹Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
⁶⁰Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
⁶¹Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa—FCUL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁶²Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Poços de Caldas—Minas Gerais, 37715-400, Brazil
⁶³Universidade Federal de Goias, Goiania, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
⁶⁴Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André—São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
⁶⁵Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro—Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
⁶⁶Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
⁶⁷University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
⁶⁸University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
⁶⁹Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
⁷⁰Fluminense Federal University, 9 Icaraí Niterói—Rio de Janeiro, 24220-900, Brazil
⁷¹Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
⁷²Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
⁷³University of Granada and CAFPE, 18002 Granada, Spain
⁷⁴Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy
⁷⁵Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, L’Aquila AQ, Italy
⁷⁶University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁷⁷Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, C.P. 37000, Mexico
⁷⁸Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Jhunsi, Allahabad 211 019, India
⁷⁹University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
⁸⁰Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
⁸¹University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
⁸²University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad—500 046, India
⁸³Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, USA
⁸⁴Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
⁸⁵Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
⁸⁶Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
⁸⁷Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
⁸⁸Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
⁸⁹Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom
⁹⁰Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, India
⁹¹Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 502285, India
⁹²Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
⁹³Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy
⁹⁴Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
⁹⁵Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁹⁶Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Roma, Italy
⁹⁷Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova, 16146 Genova GE, Italy
⁹⁸Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Lecce, 73100—Lecce, Italy
⁹⁹Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3—I-20126 Milano, Italy
¹⁰⁰Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
¹⁰¹Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
¹⁰²Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
¹⁰³Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
¹⁰⁴Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali di Pisa, Pisa PI, Italy
¹⁰⁵Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, 00185 Roma RM, Italy
¹⁰⁶Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma RM, Italy
¹⁰⁷Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123 Catania, Italy
¹⁰⁸Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
¹⁰⁹Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima 25, Peru
¹¹⁰University of Insubria, Via Ravasi, 2, 21100 Varese VA, Italy
¹¹¹University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
¹¹²Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
¹¹³Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹¹⁴Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
¹¹⁵Particle Physics and Cosmology International Research Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
¹¹⁶Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
¹¹⁷Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
¹¹⁸Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
¹¹⁹Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
¹²⁰Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
¹²¹Jeonbuk National University, Jeonrabuk-do 54896, South Korea
¹²²Jyväskylä University, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
¹²³Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
¹²⁴Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
¹²⁵High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
¹²⁶Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
¹²⁷Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
¹²⁸Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
¹²⁹Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
¹³⁰Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, 1649-003 Lisboa and 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
¹³¹University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, Liverpool, United Kingdom
¹³²Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
¹³³Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
¹³⁴Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis Bordeaux—IN2P3, F-33175 Gradignan, Bordeaux, France
¹³⁵University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India
¹³⁶Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
¹³⁷University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
¹³⁸Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
¹³⁹University of Medellín, Medellín, 050026 Colombia
¹⁴⁰University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
¹⁴¹Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
¹⁴²Università di Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
¹⁴³Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
¹⁴⁴University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
¹⁴⁵University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
¹⁴⁶University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
¹⁴⁷Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli NA, Italy
¹⁴⁸Nikhef National Institute of Subatomic Physics, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
¹⁴⁹National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Odisha 752050, India
¹⁵⁰University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-8357, USA
¹⁵¹Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
¹⁵²Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
¹⁵³University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
¹⁵⁴University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia
¹⁵⁵Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
¹⁵⁶Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
¹⁵⁷University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
¹⁵⁸Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
¹⁵⁹Universtà degli Studi di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
¹⁶⁰Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
¹⁶¹Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
¹⁶²Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France
¹⁶³University of Parma, 43121 Parma PR, Italy
¹⁶⁴Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy
¹⁶⁵University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
¹⁶⁶Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
¹⁶⁷Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
¹⁶⁸Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
¹⁶⁹University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
¹⁷⁰Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
¹⁷¹University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 00681, Puerto Rico, USA
¹⁷²Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
¹⁷³Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
¹⁷⁴Radboud University, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
¹⁷⁵Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
¹⁷⁶University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
¹⁷⁷Royal Holloway College London, London, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
¹⁷⁸Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
¹⁷⁹STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
¹⁸⁰Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
¹⁸¹Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
¹⁸²Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma RM, Italy
¹⁸³Universidad Sergio Arboleda, 11022 Bogotá, Colombia
¹⁸⁴University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
¹⁸⁵SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
¹⁸⁶University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
¹⁸⁷South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
¹⁸⁸South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
¹⁸⁹Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
¹⁹⁰Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota 57754, USA
¹⁹¹University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
¹⁹²Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
¹⁹³Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
¹⁹⁴Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
¹⁹⁵Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
¹⁹⁶Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, USA
¹⁹⁷University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
¹⁹⁸University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
¹⁹⁹University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
²⁰⁰Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
²⁰¹Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil
²⁰²Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
²⁰³University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
²⁰⁴University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
²⁰⁵Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
²⁰⁶Valley City State University, Valley City, North Dakota 58072, USA
²⁰⁷University of Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
²⁰⁸Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
²⁰⁹University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
²¹⁰University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
²¹¹Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, USA
²¹²Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, USA
²¹³William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
²¹⁴University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
²¹⁵Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
²¹⁶Yerevan Institute for Theoretical Physics and Modeling, Yerevan 0036, Armenia
²¹⁷York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada

^*Full author list given at the end of the article.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 112002 – Published 3 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/nm5s-4cnw

Abstract

We present the measurement of $π^{+}$ -argon inelastic cross sections using the ProtoDUNE single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber in the incident $π^{+}$ kinetic energy range of 500–800 MeV in multiple exclusive channels (absorption, charge exchange, and the remaining inelastic interactions). The results of this analysis are important inputs to simulations of liquid argon neutrino experiments such as the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and the Short Baseline Neutrino program at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. They will be employed to improve the modeling of final state interactions within neutrino event generators used by these experiments, as well as the modeling of $π^{+}$ -argon secondary interactions within the liquid argon. This is the first measurement of $π^{+}$ -argon absorption at this kinetic energy range as well as the first ever measurement of $π^{+}$ -argon charge exchange.

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References (34)

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 112002– Published 3 June, 2026

Vol. 113, Iss. 11 — 1 June 2026

Received 19 November 2025
Accepted 26 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/nm5s-4cnw

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Measurement of exclusive $π^{+}$ -argon interactions using ProtoDUNE-SP

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Measurement of exclusive π+-argon interactions using ProtoDUNE-SP

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Measurement of exclusive $π^{+}$ -argon interactions using ProtoDUNE-SP