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Directed searches for gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around merger remnant and galactic black holes during the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run

A. G. Abac1, I. Abouelfettouh2, F. Acernese3,4, K. Ackley5, C. Adamcewicz6, S. Adhicary7, D. Adhikari8,9, N. Adhikari10, R. X. Adhikari11 et al. (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, and the KAGRA Collaboration)

R. X. Adhikari11, V. K. Adkins12, S. Afroz13, A. Agapito14, D. Agarwal15, M. Agathos16, N. Aggarwal17, S. Aggarwal18, O. D. Aguiar19, I.-L. Ahrend20, L. Aiello21,22, A. Ain23, P. Ajith24, T. Akutsu25,26, S. Albanesi27,28, W. Ali29,30, S. Al-Kershi8,9, C. Alléné31, A. Allocca32,4, S. Al-Shammari33, P. A. Altin34, S. Alvarez-Lopez35, W. Amar31, O. Amarasinghe33, A. Amato36,37, F. Amicucci38,39, C. Amra40, A. Ananyeva11, S. B. Anderson11, W. G. Anderson11, M. Andia41, M. Ando42, M. Andrés-Carcasona43, T. Andrić44,45,8,9, J. Anglin46, S. Ansoldi47,48, J. M. Antelis49, S. Antier41, M. Aoumi50, E. Z. Appavuravther51,52, S. Appert11, S. K. Apple53, K. Arai11, A. Araya42, M. C. Araya11, M. Arca Sedda44,45, J. S. Areeda54, N. Aritomi2, F. Armato29,30, S. Armstrong55, N. Arnaud56, M. Arogeti57, S. M. Aronson12, K. G. Arun58, G. Ashton59, Y. Aso25,60, L. Asprea28, M. Assiduo61,62, S. Assis de Souza Melo63, S. M. Aston64, P. Astone38, F. Attadio39,38, F. Aubin65, K. AultONeal66, G. Avallone67, E. A. Avila49, S. Babak20, C. Badger68, S. Bae69, S. Bagnasco28, L. Baiotti70, R. Bajpai71, T. Baka72,37, A. M. Baker6, K. A. Baker73, T. Baker74, G. Baldi75,76, N. Baldicchi77,51, M. Ball78, G. Ballardin63, S. W. Ballmer79, S. Banagiri6, B. Banerjee44, D. Bankar80, T. M. Baptiste12, P. Baral10, M. Baratti81,82, J. C. Barayoga11, B. C. Barish11, D. Barker2, N. Barman80, P. Barneo83,84,85, F. Barone86,4, B. Barr87, L. Barsotti35, M. Barsuglia20, D. Barta88, A. M. Bartoletti89, M. A. Barton87, I. Bartos46, A. Basalaev8,9, R. Bassiri90, A. Basti82,81, M. Bawaj77,51, P. Baxi91, J. C. Bayley87, A. C. Baylor10, P. A. Baynard, II57, M. Bazzan92,93, V. M. Bedakihale94, F. Beirnaert95, M. Bejger96, D. Belardinelli22, A. S. Bell87, D. S. Bellie97, L. Bellizzi81,82, W. Benoit18, I. Bentara56, J. D. Bentley98, M. Ben Yaala55, S. Bera99,100, F. Bergamin33, B. K. Berger90, S. Bernuzzi27, M. Beroiz11, D. Bersanetti29, T. Bertheas101, A. Bertolini37,36, J. Betzwieser64, D. Beveridge73, G. 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Chalathadka Subrahmanya98, J. C. L. Chan140, M. Chan115, K. Chang141, S. Chao142,141, P. Charlton143, E. Chassande-Mottin20, C. Chatterjee144, Debarati Chatterjee80, Deep Chatterjee35, M. Chaturvedi104, S. Chaty20, A. Chen145, A. H.-Y. Chen146, D. Chen147, H. Chen142, H. Y. Chen148, S. Chen144, Yanbei Chen149, Yitian Chen121, H. P. Cheng150, P. Chessa77,51, H. T. Cheung91, S. Y. Cheung6, F. Chiadini151,132, G. Chiarini8,9,93, A. Chiba152, A. Chincarini29, M. L. Chiofalo82,81, A. Chiummo4,63, C. Chou146, S. Choudhary73, N. Christensen114,153, S. S. Y. Chua34, G. Ciani75,76, P. Ciecielag96, M. Cieślar125, M. Cifaldi22, B. Cirok154, F. Clara2, J. A. Clark11,57, T. A. Clarke6, P. Clearwater155, S. Clesse112, F. Cleva114,117, E. Coccia44,45,43, E. Codazzo156,157, P.-F. Cohadon122, S. Colace30, E. Colangeli74, M. Colleoni99, C. G. Collette158, J. Collins64, S. Colloms87, A. Colombo159,128, C. M. Compton2, G. Connolly78, L. Conti93, T. R. Corbitt12, I. Cordero-Carrión160, S. Corezzi77,51, N. J. Cornish161, I. Coronado162, A. Corsi163, R. Cottingham64, M. W. Coughlin18, A. Couineaux38, P. Couvares11,57, D. M. Coward73, R. Coyne164, A. Cozzumbo44, J. D. E. Creighton10, T. D. Creighton165, P. Cremonese99, S. Crook64, R. Crouch2, J. Csizmazia2, J. R. Cudell166, T. J. Cullen11, A. Cumming87, E. Cuoco167,168, M. Cusinato138, L. V. Da Conceição169, T. Dal Canton41, S. Dal Pra170, G. Dálya101, B. D’Angelo29, S. Danilishin36,37, S. D’Antonio38, K. Danzmann9,8,9, K. E. Darroch123, L. P. Dartez64, R. Das107, A. Dasgupta94, V. Dattilo63, A. Daumas20, N. Davari171,172, I. Dave104, A. Davenport137, M. Davier41, T. F. Davies73, D. Davis11, L. Davis73, M. C. Davis18, P. Davis173,174, E. J. Daw175, M. Dax1, J. De Bolle95, M. Deenadayalan80, J. Degallaix176, M. De Laurentis32,4, F. De Lillo23, S. Della Torre128, W. Del Pozzo82,81, A. Demagny31, F. De Marco39,38, G. Demasi177,62, F. De Matteis21,22, N. Demos35, T. Dent178, A. Depasse15, N. DePergola103, R. De Pietri179,180, R. De Rosa32,4, C. De Rossi63, M. Desai35, R. DeSalvo181, A. DeSimone182, R. De Simone151,132, A. Dhani1, R. Diab46, M. C. Díaz165, M. Di Cesare32,4, G. Dideron183, T. Dietrich1, L. Di Fiore4, C. Di Fronzo73, M. Di Giovanni39,38, T. Di Girolamo32,4, D. Diksha37,36, J. Ding20,184, S. Di Pace39,38, I. Di Palma39,38, D. Di Piero185,48, F. Di Renzo56, Divyajyoti33, A. Dmitriev119, J. P. Docherty87, Z. Doctor97, N. Doerksen169, E. Dohmen2, A. Doke133, A. Domiciano De Souza186, L. D’Onofrio38, F. Donovan35, K. L. Dooley33, T. Dooney72, S. Doravari80, O. Dorosh187, W. J. D. Doyle123, M. Drago39,38, J. C. Driggers2, L. Dunn124, U. Dupletsa44, P.-A. Duverne20, D. D’Urso171,156, P. Dutta Roy46, H. Duval188, S. E. Dwyer2, C. Eassa2, W. E. East183, M. Ebersold189,31, T. Eckhardt98, G. Eddolls79, A. Effler64, J. Eichholz34, H. Einsle114, M. Eisenmann25, M. Emma59, K. Endo152, R. Enficiaud1, L. Errico32,4, R. Espinosa165, M. Esposito4,32, R. C. Essick190, H. Estellés1, T. Etzel11, M. Evans35, T. Evstafyeva183, B. E. Ewing7, J. M. Ezquiaga140, F. Fabrizi61,62, V. Fafone21,22, S. Fairhurst33, A. M. Farah130, B. Farr78, W. M. Farr191,192, G. Favaro92, M. Favata193, M. Fays166, M. Fazio55, J. Feicht11, M. M. Fejer90, R. Felicetti185,48, E. Fenyvesi88,194, J. Fernandes195, T. Fernandes196,138, D. Fernando111, S. Ferraiuolo197,39,38, T. A. Ferreira12, F. Fidecaro82,81, P. Figura96, A. Fiori81,82, I. Fiori63, M. Fishbach190, R. P. Fisher123, R. Fittipaldi198,132, V. Fiumara199,132, R. Flaminio31, S. M. Fleischer200, L. S. Fleming201, E. Floden18, H. Fong115, J. A. Font138,139, F. Fontinele-Nunes18, C. Foo1, B. Fornal202, K. Franceschetti179, F. Frappez31, S. Frasca39,38, F. Frasconi81, J. P. Freed66, Z. Frei203, A. Freise37,108, O. Freitas196,138, R. Frey78, W. Frischhertz64, P. Fritschel35, V. V. Frolov64, G. G. Fronzé28, M. Fuentes-Garcia11, S. Fujii204, T. Fujimori205, P. Fulda46, M. Fyffe64, B. Gadre72, J. R. Gair1, S. Galaudage186, V. Galdi206, R. 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Li87, A. Lihos123, E. T. Lin142, F. Lin141, L. C.-C. Lin265, Y.-C. Lin142, C. Lindsay201, S. D. Linker181, A. Liu219, G. C. Liu228, Jian Liu73, F. Llamas Villarreal165, J. Llobera-Querol99, R. K. L. Lo140, J.-P. Locquet110, S. C. G. Loggins266, M. R. Loizou133, L. T. London68, A. Longo61,62, D. Lopez166, M. Lopez Portilla72, A. Lorenzo-Medina178, V. Loriette41, M. Lormand64, G. Losurdo267,81, E. Lotti133, T. P. Lott, IV57, J. D. Lough8,9, H. A. Loughlin35, C. O. Lousto111, N. Low124, N. Lu34, L. Lucchesi81, H. Lück9,8,9, D. Lumaca22, A. P. Lundgren268,269, A. W. Lussier259, R. Macas74, M. MacInnis35, D. M. Macleod33, I. A. O. MacMillan11, A. Macquet41, K. Maeda152, S. Maenaut110, S. S. Magare80, R. M. Magee11, E. Maggio1, R. Maggiore37,108, M. Magnozzi29,30, M. Mahesh98, M. Maini164, S. Majhi80, E. Majorana39,38, C. N. Makarem11, D. Malakar106, J. A. Malaquias-Reis19, U. Mali190, S. Maliakal11, A. Malik104, L. Mallick169,190, A.-K. Malz59, N. Man114, M. Mancarella100, V. Mandic18, V. Mangano171,156, B. Mannix78, G. L. Mansell79, M. Manske10, M. Mantovani63, M. Mapelli92,93,270, C. Marinelli102, F. Marion31, A. S. Markosyan90, A. Markowitz11, E. Maros11, S. Marsat101, F. Martelli61,62, I. W. Martin87, R. M. Martin193, B. B. Martinez131, D. A. Martinez54, M. Martinez43,271, V. Martinez129, A. Martini75,76, J. C. Martins19, D. V. Martynov119, E. J. Marx35, L. Massaro36,37, A. Masserot31, M. Masso-Reid87, S. Mastrogiovanni38, T. Matcovich51, M. Matiushechkina8,9, L. Maurin209, N. Mavalvala35, N. Maxwell2, T. May183, G. McCarrol64, R. McCarthy2, D. E. McClelland34, S. McCormick64, L. McCuller11, S. McEachin123, C. McElhenny123, G. I. McGhee87, K. B. M. McGowan144, J. McIver115, A. McLeod73, I. McMahon189, T. McRae34, R. McTeague87, D. Meacher10, B. N. Meagher79, R. Mechum111, Q. Meijer72, A. Melatos124, C. S. Menoni137, F. Mera2, R. A. Mercer10, L. Mereni176, K. Merfeld163, E. L. Merilh64, J. R. Mérou99, J. D. Merritt78, M. Merzougui114, C. Messick10, B. Mestichelli44, M. Meyer-Conde272, F. Meylahn8,9, A. Mhaske80, A. Miani75,76, H. Miao273, C. Michel176, Y. Michimura42, H. Middleton119, D. P. Mihaylov105, A. L. Miller37,72, S. J. Miller11, M. Millhouse57, E. Milotti185,48, V. Milotti92, Y. Minenkov22, E. M. Minihan66, Ll. M. Mir43, L. Mirasola156,157, M. Miravet-Tenés138, C.-A. Miritescu43, A. Mishra24, C. Mishra107, T. Mishra46, A. L. Mitchell37,108, J. G. Mitchell66, S. Mitra80, V. P. Mitrofanov109, K. Mitsuhashi25, R. Mittleman35, O. Miyakawa50, S. Miyoki50, A. Miyoko66, G. Mo35, L. Mobilia61,62, S. R. P. Mohapatra11, S. R. Mohite7, M. Molina-Ruiz207, M. Mondin181, M. Montani61,62, C. J. Moore224, D. Moraru2, A. More80, S. More80, C. Moreno135, E. A. Moreno35, G. Moreno2, A. Moreso Serra83, S. Morisaki42,204, Y. Moriwaki152, G. Morras208, A. Moscatello92, M. Mould35, B. Mours65, C. M. Mow-Lowry37,108, L. Muccillo177,62, F. Muciaccia39,38, D. Mukherjee119, Samanwaya Mukherjee24, Soma Mukherjee165, Subroto Mukherjee94, Suvodip Mukherjee13, N. Mukund35, A. Mullavey64, H. Mullock115, J. Mundi220, C. L. Mungioli73, M. Murakoshi230, P. G. Murray87, D. Nabari75,76, S. L. Nadji8,9, A. Nagar28,274, N. Nagarajan87, K. Nakagaki50, K. Nakamura25, H. Nakano275, M. Nakano11, D. Nanadoumgar-Lacroze43, D. Nandi12, V. Napolano63, P. Narayan216, I. Nardecchia22, T. Narikawa204, H. Narola72, L. Naticchioni38, R. K. Nayak260, L. Negri72, A. Nela87, C. Nelle78, A. Nelson131, T. J. N. Nelson64, M. Nery8,9, A. Neunzert2, S. Ng54, L. Nguyen Quynh276, S. A. Nichols12, A. B. Nielsen277, Y. Nishino25,42, A. Nishizawa278, S. Nissanke279,37, W. Niu7, F. Nocera63, J. Noller280, M. Norman33, C. North33, J. Novak117,234,281, R. Nowicki144, J. F. Nuño Siles208, L. K. Nuttall74, K. Obayashi230, J. Oberling2, J. O’Dell229, E. Oelker35, M. Oertel234,117,282,281, G. Oganesyan44,45, T. O’Hanlon64, M. Ohashi50, F. Ohme8,9, R. Oliveri117,282,281, R. Omer18, B. O’Neal123, M. Onishi152, K. Oohara283, B. O’Reilly64, M. Orselli51,77, R. O’Shaughnessy111, S. O’Shea87, S. Oshino50, C. Osthelder11, I. Ota12, D. J. Ottaway116, A. Ouzriat56, H. Overmier64, B. J. Owen284, R. Ozaki230, A. E. Pace7, R. Pagano12, M. A. Page25, A. Pai195, L. Paiella44, A. Pal285, S. Pal260, M. A. Palaia81,82, M. Pálfi203, P. P. Palma39,21,22, C. Palomba38, P. Palud20, H. Pan142, J. Pan73, K. C. Pan142, P. K. Panda233, Shiksha Pandey7, Swadha Pandey35, P. T. H. Pang37,72, F. Pannarale39,38, K. A. Pannone54, B. C. Pant104, F. H. Panther73, M. Panzeri61,62, F. Paoletti81, A. Paolone38,286, A. Papadopoulos87, E. E. Papalexakis211, L. Papalini81,82, G. Papigkiotis251, A. Paquis41, A. Parisi77,51, B.-J. Park246, J. Park287, W. Parker64, G. Pascale8,9, D. Pascucci95, A. Pasqualetti63, R. Passaquieti82,81, L. Passenger6, D. Passuello81, O. Patane2, A. V. Patel141, D. Pathak80, A. Patra33, B. Patricelli82,81, B. G. Patterson33, K. Paul107, S. Paul78, E. Payne11, T. Pearce33, M. Pedraza11, A. Pele11, F. E. Peña Arellano288, X. Peng119, Y. Peng57, S. Penn289, M. D. Penuliar54, A. Perego75,76, Z. Pereira133, C. Périgois290,93,92, G. Perna92, A. Perreca75,76,44, J. Perret20, S. Perriès56, J. W. Perry37,108, D. Pesios251, S. Peters166, S. Petracca206, C. Petrillo77, H. P. Pfeiffer1, H. Pham64, K. A. Pham18, K. S. Phukon119, H. Phurailatpam219, M. Piarulli101, L. Piccari39,38, O. J. Piccinni34, M. Pichot114, M. Piendibene82,81, F. Piergiovanni61,62, L. Pierini38, G. Pierra38, V. Pierro291,132, M. Pietrzak96, M. Pillas166, F. Pilo81, L. Pinard176, I. M. Pinto291,132,292,32, M. Pinto63, B. J. Piotrzkowski10, M. Pirello2, M. D. Pitkin224,87, A. Placidi51, E. Placidi39,38, M. L. Planas99, W. Plastino212,22, C. Plunkett35, R. Poggiani82,81, E. Polini35, J. Pomper81,82, L. Pompili1, J. Poon219, E. Porcelli37, E. K. Porter20, C. Posnansky7, R. Poulton63, J. Powell155, G. S. Prabhu80, M. Pracchia166, B. K. Pradhan80, T. Pradier65, A. K. Prajapati94, K. Prasai293, R. Prasanna233, P. Prasia80, G. Pratten119, G. Principe185,48, G. A. Prodi75,76, P. Prosperi81, P. Prosposito21,22, A. C. Providence66, A. Puecher1, J. Pullin12, P. Puppo38, M. Pürrer164, H. Qi16, J. Qin34, G. Quéméner174,117, V. Quetschke165, P. J. Quinonez66, N. Qutob57, R. Rading231, I. Rainho138, S. Raja104, C. Rajan104, B. Rajbhandari111, K. E. Ramirez64, F. A. Ramis Vidal99, M. Ramos Arevalo165, A. Ramos-Buades99,37, S. Ranjan57, K. Ransom64, P. Rapagnani39,38, B. Ratto66, A. Ravichandran133, A. Ray97, V. Raymond33, M. Razzano82,81, J. Read54, T. Regimbau31, S. Reid55, C. Reissel35, D. H. Reitze11, A. I. Renzini127,11, B. Revenu294,41, A. Revilla Peña83, R. Reyes181, L. Ricca15, F. Ricci39,38, M. Ricci38,39, A. Ricciardone82,81, J. Rice79, J. W. Richardson211, M. L. Richardson116, A. Rijal66, K. Riles91, H. K. Riley33, S. Rinaldi270, J. Rittmeyer98, C. Robertson229, F. Robinet41, M. Robinson2, A. Rocchi22, L. Rolland31, J. G. Rollins11, A. E. Romano295, R. Romano3,4, A. Romero31, I. M. Romero-Shaw224, J. H. Romie64, S. Ronchini7, T. J. Roocke116, L. Rosa4,32, T. J. Rosauer211, C. A. Rose57, D. Rosińska125, M. P. Ross53, M. Rossello-Sastre99, S. Rowan87, S. K. Roy191,192, S. Roy15, D. Rozza127,128, P. Ruggi63, N. Ruhama239, E. Ruiz Morales296,208, K. Ruiz-Rocha144, S. Sachdev57, T. Sadecki2, P. Saffarieh37,108, S. Safi-Harb169, M. R. Sah13, S. Saha142, T. Sainrat65, S. Sajith Menon215,39,38, K. Sakai297, Y. Sakai272, M. Sakellariadou68, S. Sakon7, O. S. Salafia159,128,127, F. Salces-Carcoba11, L. Salconi63, M. Saleem148, F. Salemi39,38, M. Sallé37, S. U. Salunkhe80, S. Salvador174,173, A. Salvarese148, A. Samajdar72,37, A. Sanchez2, E. J. Sanchez11, L. E. Sanchez11, N. Sanchis-Gual138, J. R. Sanders182, E. M. Sänger1, F. Santoliquido44,45, F. Sarandrea28, T. R. Saravanan80, N. Sarin6, P. Sarkar8,9, A. Sasli251, P. Sassi51,77, B. Sassolas176, R. Sato227, S. Sato152, Yukino Sato152, Yu Sato152, O. Sauter46, R. L. Savage2, T. Sawada50, H. L. Sawant80, S. Sayah176, V. Scacco21,22, D. Schaetzl11, M. Scheel149, A. Schiebelbein190, M. G. Schiworski79, P. Schmidt119, S. Schmidt72, R. Schnabel98, M. Schneewind8,9, R. M. S. Schofield78, K. Schouteden110, B. W. Schulte8,9, B. F. Schutz33,8,9, E. Schwartz298, M. Scialpi299, J. Scott87, S. M. Scott34, R. M. Sedas64, T. C. Seetharamu87, M. Seglar-Arroyo43, Y. Sekiguchi300, D. Sellers64, N. Sembo205, A. S. Sengupta301, E. G. Seo87, J. W. Seo110, V. Sequino32,4, M. Serra38, A. Sevrin188, T. Shaffer2, U. S. Shah57, M. A. Shaikh261, L. Shao302, A. K. Sharma99, Preeti Sharma12, Prianka Sharma104, Ritwik Sharma18, S. Sharma Chaudhary106, P. Shawhan126, N. S. Shcheblanov303,263, E. Sheridan144, Z.-H. Shi142, M. Shikauchi42, R. Shimomura304, H. Shinkai304, S. Shirke80, D. H. Shoemaker35, D. M. Shoemaker148, R. W. Short2, S. ShyamSundar104, A. Sider158, H. Siegel191,192, N. Siemonsen305, D. Sigg2, L. Silenzi36,37, L. Silvestri39,170, M. Simmonds116, L. P. Singer306, Amitesh Singh216, Anika Singh11, D. Singh207, N. Singh99, S. Singh217,60, A. M. Sintes99, V. Sipala171,156, V. Skliris33, B. J. J. Slagmolen34, D. A. Slater200, T. J. Slaven-Blair73, J. Smetana119, J. R. Smith54, L. Smith87,185,48, R. J. E. Smith6, W. J. Smith144, S. Soares de Albuquerque Filho61, M. Soares-Santos189, K. Somiya217, I. Song142, S. Soni35, V. Sordini56, F. Sorrentino29, H. Sotani307, F. Spada81, V. Spagnuolo37, A. P. Spencer87, P. Spinicelli63, A. K. Srivastava94, F. Stachurski87, C. J. Stark123, D. A. Steer308, N. Steinle169, J. Steinlechner36,37, S. Steinlechner36,37, N. Stergioulas251, P. Stevens41, M. StPierre164, M. D. Strong12, A. Strunk2, A. L. Stuver103,‡, M. Suchenek96, S. Sudhagar96, Y. Sudo230, N. Sueltmann98, L. Suleiman54, K. D. Sullivan12, J. Sun241, L. Sun34, S. Sunil94, J. Suresh114, B. J. Sutton68, P. J. Sutton33, K. Suzuki217, M. Suzuki204, B. L. Swinkels37, A. Syx117, M. J. Szczepańczyk309, P. Szewczyk125, M. Tacca37, H. Tagoshi204, S. C. Tait11, K. Takada204, H. Takahashi272, R. Takahashi25, A. Takamori42, S. Takano310, H. Takeda311,312, K. Takeshita217, I. Takimoto Schmiegelow44,45, M. Takou-Ayaoh79, C. Talbot130, M. Tamaki204, N. Tamanini101, D. Tanabe141, K. Tanaka50, S. J. Tanaka230, S. Tanioka33, D. B. Tanner46, W. Tanner8,9, L. Tao211, R. D. Tapia7, E. N. Tapia San Martín37, C. Taranto21,22, A. Taruya313, J. D. Tasson153, J. G. Tau111, D. Tellez54, R. Tenorio99, H. Themann181, A. Theodoropoulos138, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam80, L. M. Thomas11, M. Thomas64, P. Thomas2, J. E. Thompson210, S. R. Thondapu104, K. A. Thorne64, E. Thrane6, J. Tissino44,45, A. Tiwari80, Pawan Tiwari44, Praveer Tiwari195, S. Tiwari189, V. Tiwari119, M. R. Todd79, M. Toffano92, A. M. Toivonen18, K. Toland87, A. E. Tolley74, T. Tomaru25, V. Tommasini11, T. Tomura50, H. Tong6, C. Tong-Yu141, A. Torres-Forné138,139, C. I. Torrie11, I. Tosta e Melo314, E. Tournefier31, M. Trad Nery114, K. Tran123, A. Trapananti52,51, R. Travaglini168, F. Travasso52,51, G. Traylor64, M. Trevor126, M. C. Tringali63, A. Tripathee91, G. Troian185,48, A. Trovato185,48, L. Trozzo4, R. J. Trudeau11, T. Tsang33, S. Tsuchida315, L. Tsukada213, K. Turbang188,23, M. Turconi114, C. Turski95, H. Ubach83,84, N. Uchikata204, T. Uchiyama50, R. P. Udall11, T. Uehara316, K. Ueno42, V. Undheim277, L. E. Uronen219, T. Ushiba50, M. Vacatello81,82, H. Vahlbruch8,9, N. Vaidya11, G. Vajente11, A. Vajpeyi6, J. Valencia99, M. Valentini108,37, S. A. Vallejo-Peña295, S. Vallero28, V. Valsan10, M. van Dael37,317, E. Van den Bossche188, J. F. J. van den Brand36,108,37, C. Van Den Broeck72,37, M. van der Sluys37,72, A. Van de Walle41, J. van Dongen37,108, K. Vandra103, M. VanDyke120, H. van Haevermaet23, J. V. van Heijningen37,108, P. Van Hove65, J. Vanier259, M. VanKeuren105, J. Vanosky2, N. van Remortel23, M. Vardaro36,37, A. F. Vargas124, V. Varma133, A. N. Vazquez90, A. Vecchio119, G. Vedovato93, J. Veitch87, P. J. Veitch116, S. Venikoudis15, R. C. Venterea18, P. Verdier56, M. Vereecken15, D. Verkindt31, B. Verma133, Y. Verma104, S. M. Vermeulen11, F. Vetrano61, A. Veutro38,39, A. Viceré61,62, S. Vidyant79, A. D. Viets89, A. Vijaykumar190, A. Vilkha111, N. Villanueva Espinosa138, V. Villa-Ortega178, E. T. Vincent57, J.-Y. Vinet114, S. Viret56, S. Vitale35, H. Vocca77,51, D. Voigt98, E. R. G. von Reis2, J. S. A. von Wrangel8,9, W. E. Vossius231, L. Vujeva140, S. P. Vyatchanin109, J. Wack11, L. E. Wade105, M. Wade105, K. J. Wagner111, L. Wallace11, E. J. Wang90, H. Wang217, J. Z. Wang91, W. H. Wang165, Y. F. Wang1, G. Waratkar195, J. Warner2, M. Was31, T. Washimi25, N. Y. Washington11, D. Watarai42, B. Weaver2, S. A. Webster87, N. L. Weickhardt98, M. Weinert8,9, A. J. Weinstein11, R. Weiss35,§, L. Wen73, K. Wette34, J. T. Whelan111, B. F. Whiting46, C. Whittle11, E. G. Wickens74, D. Wilken8,9,9, A. T. Wilkin211, B. M. Williams120, D. Williams87, M. J. Williams74, N. S. Williams1, J. L. Willis11, B. Willke9,8,9, M. Wils110, L. Wilson105, C. W. Winborn106, J. Winterflood73, C. C. Wipf11, G. Woan87, J. Woehler36,37, N. E. Wolfe35, H. T. Wong141, I. C. F. Wong219,110, K. Wong190, T. Wouters72,37, J. L. Wright2, M. Wright87,72, B. Wu79, C. Wu142, D. S. Wu8,9, H. Wu142, K. Wu120, Q. Wu53, Y. Wu97, Z. Wu101, E. Wuchner54, D. M. Wysocki10, V. A. Xu207, Y. Xu99, N. Yadav28, H. Yamamoto11, K. Yamamoto152, T. S. Yamamoto42, T. Yamamoto50, R. Yamazaki230, T. Yan119, K. Z. Yang18, Y. Yang146, Z. Yarbrough12, J. Yebana99, S.-W. Yeh142, A. B. Yelikar144, X. Yin35, J. Yokoyama318,42, T. Yokozawa50, S. Yuan73, H. Yuzurihara50, M. Zanolin66, M. Zeeshan111, T. Zelenova63, J.-P. Zendri93, M. Zeoli15, M. Zerrad40, M. Zevin97, L. Zhang11, N. Zhang57, R. Zhang150, T. Zhang119, C. Zhao73, Yue Zhao162, Yuhang Zhao20, Z.-C. Zhao319, Y. Zheng106, H. Zhong18, H. Zhou79, H. O. Zhu73, Z.-H. Zhu319,320, A. B. Zimmerman148, L. Zimmermann56, M. E. Zucker35,11, and J. Zweizig11 (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, and the KAGRA Collaboration)

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
  • 2LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
  • 3Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
  • 4INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
  • 5University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
  • 6OzGrav, School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
  • 7The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
  • 8Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
  • 9Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
  • 10University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
  • 11LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
  • 12Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
  • 13Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
  • 14Centre de Physique Théorique, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
  • 15Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
  • 16Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
  • 17University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
  • 18University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
  • 19Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 20Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France
  • 21Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
  • 22INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
  • 23Universiteit Antwerpen, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
  • 24International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
  • 25Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
  • 26Advanced Technology Center, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
  • 27Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
  • 28INFN Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
  • 29INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
  • 30Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
  • 31Universite Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules—IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
  • 32Università di Napoli “Federico II,” I-80126 Napoli, Italy
  • 33Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
  • 34OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
  • 35LIGO Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
  • 36Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
  • 37Nikhef, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 38INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
  • 39Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” I-00185 Roma, Italy
  • 40Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Med, Institut Fresnel, F-13013 Marseille, France
  • 41Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
  • 42University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
  • 43Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • 44Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
  • 45INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
  • 46University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
  • 47Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Informatiche e Fisiche, Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
  • 48INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
  • 49Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
  • 50Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
  • 51INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
  • 52Università di Camerino, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
  • 53University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
  • 54California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
  • 55SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
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  • 57Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
  • 58Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai 603103, India
  • 59Royal Holloway, University of London, London TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
  • 60Astronomical course, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
  • 61Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo,” I-61029 Urbino, Italy
  • 62INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
  • 63European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy
  • 64LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
  • 65Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
  • 66Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, Arizona 86301, USA
  • 67Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello,” Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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  • 69Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
  • 70International College, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
  • 71Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
  • 72Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
  • 73OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
  • 74University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
  • 75Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
  • 76INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
  • 77Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
  • 78University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
  • 79Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
  • 80Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
  • 81INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
  • 82Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
  • 83Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • 84Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franqués, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • 85Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, c. Gran Capità, 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
  • 86Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” Università di Salerno, I-84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
  • 87IGR, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
  • 88HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
  • 89Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, USA
  • 90Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
  • 91University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
  • 92Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • 93INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • 94Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
  • 95Universiteit Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
  • 96Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
  • 97Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
  • 98Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
  • 99IAC3–IEEC, Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
  • 100Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Marseille, France
  • 101Laboratoire des 2 Infinis—Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
  • 102Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, I-53100 Siena, Italy
  • 103Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA
  • 104RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
  • 105Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022, USA
  • 106Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
  • 107Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
  • 108Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 109Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
  • 110Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
  • 111Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
  • 112Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
  • 113Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
  • 114Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Artemis, F-06304 Nice, France
  • 115University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
  • 116OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
  • 117Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 75016 Paris, France
  • 118Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON—UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
  • 119University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
  • 120Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
  • 121Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
  • 122Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
  • 123Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
  • 124OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
  • 125Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
  • 126University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
  • 127Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
  • 128INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
  • 129Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
  • 130University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
  • 131University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
  • 132INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
  • 133University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
  • 134Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, 2100 København, Denmark
  • 135Universidad de Guadalajara, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
  • 136Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali di Roma, 00133 Roma, Italy
  • 137Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
  • 138Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
  • 139Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
  • 140Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Kóbenhavn, Denmark
  • 141National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan
  • 142National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
  • 143OzGrav, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
  • 144Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
  • 145University of Chinese Academy of Sciences / International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific, Bejing 100190, China
  • 146Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 101 University Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan
  • 147Kamioka Branch, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
  • 148University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
  • 149CaRT, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
  • 150Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
  • 151Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale (DIIN), Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
  • 152Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama City, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
  • 153Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA
  • 154University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
  • 155OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
  • 156INFN Cagliari, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
  • 157Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Università 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
  • 158Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
  • 159INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera sede di Merate, I-23807 Merate, Lecco, Italy
  • 160Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
  • 161Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
  • 162The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
  • 163Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
  • 164University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
  • 165The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
  • 166Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
  • 167DIFA- Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33–40126 Bologna, Italy
  • 168Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare—Sezione di Bologna, viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2–40127 Bologna, Italy
  • 169University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
  • 170INFN-CNAF—Bologna, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy
  • 171Università degli Studi di Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
  • 172INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, I-95125 Catania, Italy
  • 173Université de Normandie, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, F-14000 Caen, France
  • 174Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire Caen, 6 boulevard du maréchal Juin, F-14050 Caen, France
  • 175The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
  • 176Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), IP2I Lyon / IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
  • 177Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
  • 178IGFAE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  • 179Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
  • 180INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
  • 181California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
  • 182Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
  • 183Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
  • 184Corps des Mines, Mines Paris, Université PSL, 60 Bd Saint-Michel, 75272 Paris, France
  • 185Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
  • 186Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Lagrange, F-06304 Nice, France
  • 187National Center for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Świerk-Otwock, Poland
  • 188Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
  • 189University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
  • 190Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
  • 191Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
  • 192Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
  • 193Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA
  • 194HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
  • 195Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
  • 196Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto, Universidade do Minho, PT-4710-057 Braga, Portugal
  • 197Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
  • 198CNR-SPIN, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
  • 199Scuola di Ingegneria, Università della Basilicata, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
  • 200Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA
  • 201SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
  • 202Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33168, USA
  • 203Eötvös University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
  • 204Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
  • 205Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
  • 206University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
  • 207University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 208Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
  • 209Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans, UMR CNRS 6613, F-72085 Le Mans, France
  • 210University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
  • 211University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
  • 212Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Elettronica e Meccanica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
  • 213University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
  • 214University of Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
  • 215Ariel University, Ramat HaGolan St 65, Ari’el, Israel
  • 216The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
  • 217Graduate School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
  • 218Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. II, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
  • 219The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
  • 220American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
  • 221Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
  • 222INFN, sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
  • 223Department of Applied Physics, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
  • 224University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
  • 225University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
  • 226College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi, Narashino City, Chiba 275-8575, Japan
  • 227Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
  • 228Department of Physics, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingzhuan Road, Danshui District, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
  • 229Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
  • 230Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
  • 231Helmut Schmidt University, D-22043 Hamburg, Germany
  • 232Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
  • 233Directorate of Construction, Services and Estate Management, Mumbai 400094, India
  • 234Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, 11 Rue de l’Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
  • 235Faculty of Physics, University of Białystok, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
  • 236National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academic of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
  • 237School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
  • 238Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea
  • 239Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
  • 240Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
  • 241Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
  • 242University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington 98011, USA
  • 243Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 9GH2+3V5, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
  • 244Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
  • 245National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
  • 246Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
  • 247Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Chungnam National University, 9 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
  • 248Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies (IPNS), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
  • 249Division of Science, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
  • 250Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
  • 251Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
  • 252Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, New York 12504, USA
  • 253Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
  • 254Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00656 Warsaw, Poland
  • 255Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Cracow, Poland
  • 256Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 8-35151 Padova, Italy
  • 257Sezione di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via Marzolo, 8-35131 Padova, Italy
  • 258Department of Physics, Nagoya University, ES building, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
  • 259Université de Montréal/Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
  • 260Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
  • 261Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
  • 262Department of Computer Simulation, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do 50834, Republic of Korea
  • 263NAVIER, École des Ponts, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, Marne-la-Vallée, France
  • 264Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
  • 265Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
  • 266St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, Florida 33054, USA
  • 267Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
  • 268Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
  • 269Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
  • 270Institut fuer Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum fuer Astronomie Heidelberg, Universitaet Heidelberg, Albert Ueberle Straße 2, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
  • 271Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
  • 272Research Center for Space Science, Advanced Research Laboratories, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-Nishi, Tsuzuki-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8551, Japan
  • 273Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 274Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, F-91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
  • 275Faculty of Law, Ryukoku University, 67 Fukakusa Tsukamoto-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 612-8577, Japan
  • 276Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 277University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
  • 278Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
  • 279GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 280University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
  • 281Observatoire de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
  • 282Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France
  • 283Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
  • 284University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
  • 285CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
  • 286Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, I-00185 Roma, Italy
  • 287Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
  • 288Department of Physics, University of Guadalajara, Avenida Revolucion 1500, Colonia Olimpica Codigo Postal 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
  • 289Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
  • 290INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
  • 291Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
  • 292Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi,” I-00184 Roma, Italy
  • 293Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, USA
  • 294Subatech, CNRS/IN2P3—IMT Atlantique—Nantes Université, 4 rue Alfred Kastler BP 20722 44307 Nantes CÉDEX 03, France
  • 295Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
  • 296Departamento de Física—ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain
  • 297Department of Electronic Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishikatakai, Nagaoka City, Niigata 940-8532, Japan
  • 298Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
  • 299Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università Degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44121 Ferrara FE, Italy
  • 300Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
  • 301Indian Institute of Technology, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
  • 302Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
  • 303Laboratoire MSME, Cité Descartes, 5 Boulevard Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
  • 304Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Osaka Institute of Technology, 1-79-1 Kitayama, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0196, Japan
  • 305Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
  • 306NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
  • 307Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
  • 308Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, (CNRS, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité), F-75005 Paris, France
  • 309Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
  • 310Laser Interferometry and Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
  • 311The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
  • 312Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
  • 313Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
  • 314University of Catania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Via Santa Sofia, 64, 95123 Catania CT, Italy
  • 315National Institute of Technology, Fukui College, Geshi-cho, Sabae-shi, Fukui 916-8507, Japan
  • 316Department of Communications Engineering, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
  • 317Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
  • 318Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), WPI, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
  • 319Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
  • 320School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Bayi Road 299, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China

  • *Full author list given at the end of the article.
  • †Deceased, March 2026.
  • ‡Deceased, September 2024.
  • §Deceased, August 2025.
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 022006 – Published 28 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/mjfs-m6t7

Abstract

We present the first directed searches for long-transient and continuous gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around known black holes (BHs). We use LIGO data from the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run. The searches target two distinct types of BHs and use two new semicoherent methods: hidden Markov model (HMM) tracking for the remnant BHs of the mergers GW230814_230901 and GW231123_135430 (referred to as GW230814 and GW231123 in this study) and a dedicated method using the Band Sampled Data (BSD) framework for the galactic BH in the Cygnus X-1 binary system. Without finding evidence of a signal from vector bosons in the data, we estimate the mass range that can be constrained. For the HMM searches targeting the remnants from GW231123 and GW230814, we disfavor vector boson masses in the ranges [0.94, 1.08] and [2.75,3.28]×10−13  eV, respectively, at 30% confidence, assuming a 1% false alarm probability. Although these searches are only marginally sensitive to signals from merger remnants at relatively large distances, future observations are expected to yield more stringent constraints with high confidence. For the BSD search targeting the BH in Cygnus X-1, we exclude vector boson masses in the range [0.85,1.59]×10−13  eV at 95% confidence, assuming an initial BH spin larger than 0.5.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 022006– Published 28 July, 2026
  • Received 15 September 2025
  • Accepted 8 June 2026
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