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Exploring memory-burdened primordial black holes with ultrahigh-energy cosmic-rays

Antonio Ambrosone1,2,*, Marco Chianese3,4,†, and Carmelo Evoli1,2,‡

  • *Contact author: antonio.ambrosone@gssi.it
  • †Contact author: m.chianese@ssmeridionale.it
  • ‡Contact author: carmelo.evoli@gssi.it
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 043034 – Published 17 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/m5z4-1ln1

Abstract

Quantum backreaction effects may quench Hawking evaporation through a “memory burden,” allowing primordial black holes (PBHs) with formation masses well below 1015  g to survive to the present and contribute to the dark matter. We show that ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) provide a powerful and previously unexplored probe of this scenario. We compute the proton and neutron emission from memory-burdened PBHs, including the Galactic-halo contribution and the extragalactic proton component, and confront it with the Pierre Auger Observatory proton spectrum and its EeV neutron limits from the Galactic plane. This yields new constraints on the PBH dark-matter fraction as a function of the PBH formation mass and the evaporation-suppression parameter k. For k≳3 the nonobservation of ultrahigh-energy protons leads to bounds competitive with those from UHE gamma rays, while neutron limits remain comparable to high-energy neutrino constraints. Our results highlights the key role of multimessenger astronomy in constraining beyond-the-standard-model scenarios.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 043034– Published 17 August, 2026
  • Received 23 March 2026
  • Accepted 27 July 2026
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