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Resonant heterodyne conversion applied to a low-frequency haloscope for dark matter axion searches in the 1–35 MHz range

Jose R. Navarro-Madrid1,*, José Reina-Valero2,3, Alejandro Díaz-Morcillo1, and Benito Gimeno2

  • *Contact author: joser.navarro@upct.es
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 095007 – Published 3 November, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/lr59-b552

Abstract

We study resonant heterodyne up conversion in the RADES-BabyIAXO haloscope as a method to search for low-mass dark matter axions using microwave cavities. Starting from axion electrodynamics, we derive the axion-induced source term and the power extracted through a readout mode, explicitly accounting for the finite axion linewidth. This leads to effective quality factors that determine the pump-axion mixing, detection bandwidth, and detected signal power. We extend the BI-RME 3D full-wave formulation to heterodyne axion detection in a realistic two-port cavity, including pump leakage into the readout channel. Applying the formalism to the largest RADES-BabyIAXO cavity identifies the quasi−TE011−quasi−TM010 mode pair as a favorable configuration, enabling sensitivity to axion frequencies between 0.9 and 34.6 MHz. Analytical and full-wave predictions show excellent agreement at resonance, while the full-wave model provides a more accurate description off resonance and allows a precise characterization of the pump leakage. We also derive the optimal port couplings that maximize the scanning rate. Upper-limit sensitivity for cryogenic copper and superconducting niobium cavities indicate that, under thermal-noise-limited conditions and assuming sufficient pump-leakage rejection, the experiment could probe axion-photon couplings down to 10−15  GeV−1 at 90% confidence level, representing a significant improvement over previous heterodyne-based searches.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 095007– Published 3 November, 2026
  • Received 19 June 2026
  • Accepted 19 October 2026
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