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Weakly magnetized black holes supporting electroweak clouds: Analytic treatment in the small-mass regime

Shahar Hod

Phys. Rev. D 114, 084054 – Published 20 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/gcnj-wyrf

Abstract

It has recently been revealed [Gervalle and Volkov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 171402 (2024)] that spatially regular bound-state matter configurations which are made of electroweak fields can be supported by magnetically charged black holes of the Einstein-Weinberg-Salam field theory. Intriguingly, it has been demonstrated numerically that the dimensionless mass parameter μ≡mwr+ of cloudy black-hole-field configurations, magnetically charged Reissner-Nordström black holes that support linearized electroweak fields, is characterized by a discrete resonant spectrum {μk(n)}k=0k=∞ (here {r+,n} are respectively the horizon radius and the discrete magnetic parameter of the central black hole and mw is the mass of the supported W-boson field). In the present paper we explore the excited resonant spectrum of the Einstein-Weinberg-Salam field theory. In particular, using analytical techniques we derive a remarkably compact formula for the low-mass (μk≪1) resonant spectrum of composed weakly magnetized-black-hole-linearized-electroweak-field bound-state configurations. Interestingly, it is shown that the excited black-hole-field resonances are characterized by the simple universal ({mw,r+}-independent) relation μk+1/μk=e−2π/2n−1. Finally, it is explicitly shown that our analytically derived formula for the discrete resonance spectrum of the composed black-hole-field system agrees remarkably well with the corresponding numerical data that recently appeared in the physics literature.

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  28. It is worth noting that the term “linearized clouds” is commonly used in the physics literature (see [15, 16, 17, 18, 19] and references therein) to describe spatially regular linearized field configurations supported by central black holes.

  29. We shall use natural units in which G=c=1.

  30. See [31] for a recent study of the composed magnetic-black-hole-linearized-electroweak-field cloudy configurations in the regime mwr+≫1 of large black-hole-field masses.

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  32. One may assume, without loss of generality, the relation n≥0 for the discrete magnetic parameter [which corresponds to P≥0, see Eq. (5)].

  33. Note that Eq. (12) maps the radial coordinate r∈[r+,∞] to y∈[−∞,∞].

  34. In Sec. 4 we shall determine the exact regime of validity of the inequalities (18).

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  37. Note that the normalization prefactor of the linearized electroweak eigenfunction (24) is chosen, without loss of generality, to be 1.

  38. Note that the characteristic asymptotic behavior F12(a,b;c;z)→1 for (ab/c)·z→0 of the hypergeometric function [see Eq. (15.1.1) of [35] ] implies that the radial solution (24) for the electroweak eigenfunction is well behaved at the horizon of the central supporting black hole. In particular, one finds from Eqs. (24) and (25) the near-horizon relation ψ(x→0)→1.

  39. Note that ℓ(ℓ+1)=−n/2.

  40. Here we have used the leading-order relation x=r/r++O(1) in the regime r≫r+ [see Eq. (25)].

  41. Note that the characteristic asymptotic behavior U(a,b,z)→z−a[1+O(z−1)] for z→∞ of the confluent hypergeometric function [see Eq. (13.1.7) of [35] ] implies that the radial eigenfunction (33) of the bound-state electroweak field decays asymptotically as ψ(r→∞)∼e−mwr.

  42. Here we have used the relation 1=e−i2πk, where the integer k=1,2,3,… is the discrete resonance parameter of the composed magnetic-black-hole-electroweak-field system.

  43. Note that for k=2 one finds from (46) the relation μ2(n=2)≃7.3×10−4 which respects the requirement (45) [in general, one finds that μk(n=2) satisfies the requirement (45) for k≥2], whereas for k=1 one finds from (46) the relation μ1(n=2)≃2.8×10−2 which marginally violates the requirement (45). Interestingly, however, as we shall explicitly demonstrate below (see Table 1 in Sec. 5), the analytically derived relation (46) for n=2 agrees quite well with the exact numerically computed values of [26, 27] already for k≥1.

  44. Here we assume the relation Q/r+≲10−1 [see Eq. (18)].

  45. Note that the two requirements k≳2n and k≲n·[37−ln(n)]/(2π) for n≫1 can be satisfied simultaneously in the regime n≲1013.

  46. Here we have used Eq. (6.1.23) of [35].

  47. See Sec. 4 for the regime of validity of the analytically derived resonance formula (48).

  48. Here we have used the relation g′≡sinθw≃0.223 which implies g≡cosθw≃0.881 [27]. Taking cognizance of Eq. (7) one finds the relation mw≃0.623 which is used to compute from Table I of [27] the k-dependent numerical values of the dimensionless mass-radius parameter μ≡mwr+.

  49. As emphasized in Sec. 4, for the minimally allowed value n=2 of the magnetic parameter, the analytically derived resonance formula (48) is valid in the regime k≲9.

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