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Ringdown and lensing of triple systems

Vitor Cardoso1,2, Giuseppe Ficarra3, Jaime Redondo-Yuste1,4, and João Sieiro dos Santos2

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 024065 – Published 23 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/bwyh-2zc1

Abstract

Triple systems have progressively been recognized as ubiquitous in our Universe and provide a good testing ground for wave generation and propagation in nontrivial environments. We study the dynamics of triple systems in a fully nonlinear setting. In particular, we analyze numerical relativity simulations of head-on collisions of black holes in the presence of a companion. We show evidence for Doppler and gravitational redshift in the ringdown, and clear signs of amplification by lensing. In certain cases, we also show the appearance of a second image, with hints of resonant mode excitation. Our results pave the way for the understanding of mergers in the vicinity of massive companions. Even in extreme setups we do not find collapse to black holes from lensed gravitational radiation.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 024065– Published 23 July, 2026
  • Received 30 May 2026
  • Accepted 6 July 2026
Article part of CHORUS
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