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Dark-sector modifications to Kerr and Reissner-Nordström black hole evaporation
Phys. Rev. D 113, 044038 – Published 17 February, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/bc7b-645v
Abstract
We present that large numbers of light hidden-sector degrees of freedom can reverse the canonical evaporation hierarchy of Kerr–Newman black holes. When the effective number of uncharged species exceeds a critical value, the mass-loss rate outpaces the charge-loss rate, producing effective charge growth during evaporation and delaying neutralization. We investigate the evolution of black holes during the evaporation process, emphasizing how these quantities evolve relative to one another. Our study incorporates the effects of graybody factors, near-extremal conditions, and the introduction of additional particle species beyond the Standard Model. We demonstrate that the addition of particle degrees of freedom may significantly alter the evaporation hierarchy, potentially leading to scenarios in which the effective black hole charge increases during evaporation. Additionally, we examine the impact of Schwinger pair production and of superradiance on charged, spinning black hole evaporation. These findings offer new insights into the complex interplay between different black hole parameters during evaporation and highlight the importance of considering additional particle species in the process.
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