Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Novel nonlinear kinetic terms for gravitons

Wenliang Li*

  • APC, Université Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Obs. de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France (UMR 7164 du CNRS) and Crete Center for Theoretical Physics (CCTP) and Crete Center for Quantum Complexity and Nanotechnology (CCQCN), Department of Physics, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece

  • *lii.wenliang@gmail.com

Phys. Rev. D 94, 064078 – Published 30 September, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.94.064078

Abstract

A set of novel derivative terms for spin-2 fields are proposed. They are the wedge products of curvature two-forms and vielbeins. In this work, we investigate the properties of novel two-derivative terms in the context of bigravity. Based on a minisuperspace analysis, we identify a large class of bigravity models where the Boulware-Deser ghost could be absent. We give a new perspective that Weyl gravity and new massive gravity belong to this class of bigravity models involving novel derivative terms. This is related to the fact that this class of models contains spin-2 ghosts. In addition, we discuss the UV cutoff scales, dynamical symmetric conditions, and novel higher-derivative terms.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

See Also

Article Text

References (59)

  1. M. Fierz and W. Pauli, On relativistic wave equations for particles of arbitrary spin in an electromagnetic field, Proc. R. Soc. A 173, 211 (1939).
  2. C. Brans and R. H. Dicke, Mach’s principle and a relativistic theory of gravitation, Phys. Rev. 124, 925 (1961).
  3. D. Lovelock, The Einstein tensor and its generalizations, J. Math. Phys. 12, 498 (1971).
  4. A. G. Riess et al. (Supernova Search Team Collaboration), Observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant, Astron. J. 116, 1009 (1998); S. Perlmutter et al. (Supernova Cosmology Project Collaboration), Measurements of omega and lambda from 42 high redshift supernovae, Astrophys. J. 517, 565 (1999).
  5. G. W. Horndeski, Second-order scalar-tensor field equations in a four-dimensional space, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 10, 363 (1974); A. Nicolis, R. Rattazzi, and E. Trincherini, The Galileon as a local modification of gravity, Phys. Rev. D 79, 064036 (2009); C. Deffayet, G. Esposito-Farese, and A. Vikman, Covariant Galileon, 79, 084003 (2009); C. Deffayet, S. Deser, and G. Esposito-Farese, Generalized Galileons: All scalar models whose curved background extensions maintain second-order field equations and stress-tensors, 80, 064015 (2009); C. Deffayet, X. Gao, D. A. Steer, and G. Zahariade, From k-essence to generalised Galileons, 84, 064039 (2011).
  6. C. de Rham and G. Gabadadze, Generalization of the Fierz-Pauli action, Phys. Rev. D 82, 044020 (2010); C. de Rham, G. Gabadadze, and A. J. Tolley, Resummation of Massive Gravity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 231101 (2011).
  7. W. Li, A unifying framework for ghost-free Lorentz-invariant Lagrangian field theories, arXiv:1508.03247.
  8. W. Li, Unifying ghost-free Lorentz-invariant Lagrangians, arXiv:1510.05496.
  9. S. F. Hassan and R. A. Rosen, Bimetric gravity from ghost-free massive gravity, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2012) 126.
  10. K. Hinterbichler and R. A. Rosen, Interacting spin-2 fields, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2012) 047.
  11. E. A. Bergshoeff, S. de Haan, O. Hohm, W. Merbis, and P. K. Townsend, Zwei-Dreibein Gravity: A Two-Frame-Field Model of 3D Massive Gravity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 111102 (2013); 111, 259902(E) (2013).
  12. B. Zumino, Effective Lagrangians and Broken Symmetries, Lectures on Elementary Particles and Quantum Field Theory (Brandeis Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1970), pp. 437–500.
  13. K. Hinterbichler, Theoretical aspects of massive gravity, Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 671 (2012); C. de Rham, Massive gravity, Living Rev. Relativ. 17, 7 (2014); A. Schmidt-May and M. von Strauss, Recent developments in bimetric theory, J. Phys. A 49, 183001 (2016).
  14. S. Folkerts, A. Pritzel, and N. Wintergerst, On ghosts in theories of self-interacting massive spin-2 particles, arXiv:1107.3157.
  15. K. Hinterbichler, Ghost-free derivative interactions for a massive graviton, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2013) 102.
  16. S. Deser and P. van Nieuwenhuizen, Nonrenormalizability of the quantized Dirac-Einstein system, Phys. Rev. D 10, 411 (1974).
  17. R. Kimura and D. Yamauchi, Derivative interactions in de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley massive gravity, Phys. Rev. D 88, 084025 (2013).
  18. C. de Rham, A. Matas, and A. J. Tolley, New kinetic interactions for massive gravity?, Classical Quantum Gravity 31, 165004 (2014).
  19. D. G. Boulware and S. Deser, Can gravitation have a finite range?, Phys. Rev. D 6, 3368 (1972).
  20. S. F. Hassan and R. A. Rosen, Resolving the Ghost Problem in Non-Linear Massive Gravity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 041101 (2012); S. F. Hassan, R. A. Rosen, and A. Schmidt-May, Ghost-free massive gravity with a general reference metric, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2012) 026; S. F. Hassan and R. A. Rosen, Confirmation of the secondary constraint and absence of ghost in massive gravity and bimetric gravity, 04 (2012) 123.
  21. C. de Rham, A. Matas, and A. J. Tolley, New kinetic terms for massive gravity and multi-gravity: A no-go in vielbein form, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 215027 (2015).
  22. A. Matas, Cutoff for extensions of massive gravity and bi-gravity, Classical Quantum Gravity 33, 075004 (2016).
  23. G. ’t Hooft and M. J. G. Veltman, One loop divergencies in the theory of gravitation, Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré, A 20, 69 (1974); S. Deser and P. van Nieuwenhuizen, One loop divergences of quantized Einstein-Maxwell fields, Phys. Rev. D 10, 401 (1974); M. H. Goroff and A. Sagnotti, The ultraviolet behavior of Einstein gravity, Nucl. Phys. B266, 709 (1986).
  24. K. S. Stelle, Renormalization of higher derivative quantum gravity, Phys. Rev. D 16, 953 (1977); Classical gravity with higher derivatives, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 9, 353 (1978).
  25. J. F. Donoghue, General relativity as an effective field theory: The leading quantum corrections, Phys. Rev. D 50, 3874 (1994).
  26. K. Nomura and J. Soda, When is multimetric gravity ghost-free?, Phys. Rev. D 86, 084052 (2012).
  27. S. Deser, E. Joung, and A. Waldron, Partial masslessness and conformal gravity, J. Phys. A 46, 214019 (2013).
  28. D. Langlois and K. Noui, Degenerate higher derivative theories beyond Horndeski: Evading the Ostrogradski instability, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2016) 034.
  29. E. Kiritsis, Product CFTs, gravitational cloning, massive gravitons and the space of gravitational duals, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2006) 049; E. Kiritsis and V. Niarchos, (Multi)matrix models and interacting clones of Liouville gravity, 08 (2008) 044; Interacting string multi-verses and holographic instabilities of massive gravity, Nucl. Phys. B812, 488 (2009).
  30. W. Li, following paper, Absence of the Boulware-Deser ghost in novel graviton kinetic terms, Phys. Rev. D 94, 064079 (2016).
  31. M. F. Paulos and A. J. Tolley, Massive gravity theories and limits of ghost-free bigravity models, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2012) 002.
  32. E. A. Bergshoeff, O. Hohm, and P. K. Townsend, Massive Gravity in Three Dimensions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 201301 (2009).
  33. E. A. Bergshoeff, O. Hohm, and P. K. Townsend, More on massive 3D gravity, Phys. Rev. D 79, 124042 (2009).
  34. O. Hohm, A. Routh, P. K. Townsend, and B. Zhang, On the Hamiltonian form of 3D massive gravity, Phys. Rev. D 86, 084035 (2012).
  35. M. Blagojevic and B. Cvetkovic, Hamiltonian analysis of BHT massive gravity, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2011) 082; M. Sadegh and A. Shirzad, Constraint structure of the three dimensional massive gravity, Phys. Rev. D 83, 084040 (2011).
  36. S. Deser, Ghost-free, Finite, Fourth Order D=3 (Alas) Gravity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 101302 (2009).
  37. E. A. Bergshoeff, O. Hohm, J. Rosseel, and P. K. Townsend, Modes of log gravity, Phys. Rev. D 83, 104038 (2011).
  38. Y. Liu and Y. w. Sun, Note on new massive gravity in AdS(3), J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2009) 106.
  39. H. Lu and C. N. Pope, Critical Gravity in Four Dimensions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 181302 (2011); S. Deser, H. Liu, H. Lu, C. N. Pope, T. C. Sisman, and B. Tekin, Critical points of D-dimensional extended gravities, Phys. Rev. D 83, 061502 (2011).
  40. J. D. Brown and M. Henneaux, Central charges in the canonical realization of asymptotic symmetries: An example from three-dimensional gravity, Commun. Math. Phys. 104, 207 (1986).
  41. D. Grumiller and N. Johansson, Instability in cosmological topologically massive gravity at the chiral point, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2008) 134.
  42. D. Grumiller and O. Hohm, AdS(3)/LCFT(2): Correlators in new massive gravity, Phys. Lett. B 686, 264 (2010).
  43. M. Alishahiha and R. Fareghbal, D-dimensional log gravity, Phys. Rev. D 83, 084052 (2011).
  44. N. Boulanger, T. Damour, L. Gualtieri, and M. Henneaux, Inconsistency of interacting, multigraviton theories, Nucl. Phys. B597, 127 (2001).
  45. S. Gwak, E. Joung, K. Mkrtchyan, and S. J. Rey, Rainbow valley of colored (anti) de Sitter gravity in three dimensions, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2016) 055.
  46. E. Joung, W. Li, and M. Taronna, No-Go Theorems for Unitary and Interacting Partially Massless Spin-Two Fields, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 091101 (2014).
  47. C. de Rham and S. Renaux-Petel, Massive gravity on de Sitter and unique candidate for partially massless gravity, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2013) 035.
  48. C. de Rham, K. Hinterbichler, R. A. Rosen, and A. J. Tolley, Evidence for and obstructions to nonlinear partially massless gravity, Phys. Rev. D 88, 024003 (2013).
  49. S. Deser, M. Sandora, and A. Waldron, Nonlinear partially massless from massive gravity?, Phys. Rev. D 87, 101501 (2013); S. F. Hassan, A. Schmidt-May, and M. von Strauss, On partially massless bimetric gravity, Phys. Lett. B 726, 834 (2013); Bimetric theory and partial masslessness with Lanczos-Lovelock terms in arbitrary dimensions, Classical Quantum Gravity 30, 184010 (2013); S. Deser, M. Sandora, and A. Waldron, Nonlinear partially massless from massive gravity?, Phys. Rev. D 87, 101501 (2013); S. F. Hassan, A. Schmidt-May, and M. von Strauss, Higher derivative gravity and conformal gravity from bimetric and partially massless bimetric theory, Universe 1, 92 (2015); M. Fasiello and A. J. Tolley, Cosmological stability bound in massive gravity and bigravity, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 12 (2013) 002; S. Alexandrov and C. Deffayet, On partially massless theory in 3 dimensions, 03 (2015) 043; S. Garcia-Saenz and R. A. Rosen, A non-linear extension of the spin-2 partially massless symmetry, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2015) 042.
  50. L. F. Abbott and S. Deser, Stability of gravity with a cosmological constant, Nucl. Phys. B195, 76 (1982); S. Deser and B. Tekin, Gravitational Energy in Quadratic Curvature Gravities, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 101101 (2002); Energy in generic higher curvature gravity theories, Phys. Rev. D 67, 084009 (2003).
  51. C. de Rham, L. Heisenberg, and R. H. Ribeiro, On couplings to matter in massive (bi-)gravity, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 035022 (2015); J. Noller and S. Melville, The coupling to matter in massive, bi- and multi-gravity, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2015) 003; C. de Rham, L. Heisenberg, and R. H. Ribeiro, Ghosts and matter couplings in massive gravity, bigravity and multigravity, Phys. Rev. D 90, 124042 (2014).
  52. K. Hinterbichler and M. Saravani, Stückelberg approach to quadratic curvature gravity and its decoupling limits, Phys. Rev. D 93, 065006 (2016).
  53. C. de Rham, G. Gabadadze, D. Pirtskhalava, A. J. Tolley, and I. Yavin, Nonlinear dynamics of 3D massive gravity, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2011) 028.
  54. C. Deffayet, G. Esposito-Farese, and D. A. Steer, Counting the degrees of freedom of generalized Galileons, Phys. Rev. D 92, 084013 (2015).
  55. A. Akhavan, M. Alishahiha, A. Naseh, A. Nemati, and A. Shirzad, New bi-gravity from new massive gravity, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2016) 006.
  56. S. Deser, R. Jackiw, and S. Templeton, Topologically massive gauge theories, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 140, 372 (1982); 281, 409 (2000); Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 185, 406(E) (1988).
  57. W. Li, W. Song, and A. Strominger, Chiral gravity in three dimensions, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2008) 082.
  58. G. Tasinato, Cosmic acceleration from Abelian symmetry breaking, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2014) 067; L. Heisenberg, Generalization of the Proca action, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2014) 015; M. Hull, K. Koyama, and G. Tasinato, A Higgs mechanism for vector Galileons, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2015) 154; Covariantized vector Galileons, Phys. Rev. D 93, 064012 (2016); E. Allys, P. Peter, and Y. Rodriguez, Generalized Proca action for an Abelian vector field, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2016) 004; A. De Felice, L. Heisenberg, R. Kase, S. Tsujikawa, Y. l. Zhang, and G. B. Zhao, Screening fifth forces in generalized Proca theories, Phys. Rev. D 93, 104016 (2016); A. De Felice, L. Heisenberg, R. Kase, S. Mukohyama, S. Tsujikawa, and Y. l. Zhang, Cosmology in generalized Proca theories, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 06 (2016) 048; Effective gravitational couplings for cosmological perturbations in generalized Proca theories, Phys. Rev. D 94, 044024 (2016); L. Heisenberg, R. Kase, and S. Tsujikawa, Beyond generalized Proca theories, Phys. Lett. B 760, 617 (2016); E. Allys, J. P. Beltran Almeida, P. Peter, and Y. Rodriguez, On the 4D generalized Proca action for an Abelian vector field, arXiv:1605.08355.
  59. J. M. Maldacena, The large N limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 38, 1113 (1999) Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2, 231 (1998); S. S. Gubser, I. R. Klebanov, and A. M. Polyakov, Gauge theory correlators from noncritical string theory, Phys. Lett. B 428, 105 (1998); E. Witten, Anti-de Sitter space and holography, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2, 253 (1998).

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation