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Energy estimation of cosmic rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

A. Aab¹, P. Abreu², M. Aglietta³, E. J. Ahn⁴, I. Al Samarai⁵, I. F. M. Albuquerque⁶, I. Allekotte⁷, P. Allison⁸, A. Almela^9,10 et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration)

A. Almela^9,10, J. Alvarez Castillo¹¹, J. Alvarez-Muñiz¹², R. Alves Batista¹³, M. Ambrosio¹⁴, A. Aminaei¹⁵, G. A. Anastasi¹⁶, L. Anchordoqui¹⁷, S. Andringa², C. Aramo¹⁴, F. Arqueros¹⁸, N. Arsene¹⁹, H. Asorey^7,20, P. Assis², J. Aublin²¹, G. Avila²², N. Awal²³, A. M. Badescu²⁴, C. Baus²⁵, J. J. Beatty⁸, K. H. Becker²⁶, J. A. Bellido²⁷, C. Berat²⁸, M. E. Bertaina³, X. Bertou⁷, P. L. Biermann²⁹, P. Billoir²¹, S. G. Blaess²⁷, A. Blanco², M. Blanco²¹, J. Blazek³⁰, C. Bleve³¹, H. Blümer^25,32, M. Boháčová³⁰, D. Boncioli³³, C. Bonifazi³⁴, N. Borodai³⁵, J. Brack³⁶, I. Brancus³⁷, T. Bretz³⁸, A. Bridgeman³², P. Brogueira², P. Buchholz¹, A. Bueno³⁹, S. Buitink¹⁵, M. Buscemi¹⁴, K. S. Caballero-Mora⁴⁰, B. Caccianiga⁴¹, L. Caccianiga²¹, M. Candusso⁴², L. Caramete⁴³, R. Caruso¹⁶, A. Castellina³, G. Cataldi³¹, L. Cazon², R. Cester⁴⁴, A. G. Chavez⁴⁵, A. Chiavassa³, J. A. Chinellato⁴⁶, J. Chudoba³⁰, M. Cilmo¹⁴, R. W. Clay²⁷, G. Cocciolo³¹, R. Colalillo¹⁴, A. Coleman⁴⁷, L. Collica⁴¹, M. R. Coluccia³¹, R. Conceição², F. Contreras⁴⁸, M. J. Cooper²⁷, A. Cordier⁴⁹, S. Coutu⁴⁷, C. E. Covault⁵⁰, J. Cronin⁵¹, R. Dallier^52,53, B. Daniel⁴⁶, S. Dasso^54,55, K. Daumiller³², B. R. Dawson²⁷, R. M. de Almeida⁵⁶, S. J. de Jong^15,57, G. De Mauro¹⁵, J. R. T. de Mello Neto³⁴, I. De Mitri³¹, J. de Oliveira⁵⁶, V. de Souza⁵⁸, L. del Peral⁵⁹, O. Deligny⁵, N. Dhital⁶⁰, C. Di Giulio⁴², A. Di Matteo⁶¹, J. C. Diaz⁶⁰, M. L. Díaz Castro⁴⁶, F. Diogo², C. Dobrigkeit⁴⁶, W. Docters⁶², J. C. D’Olivo¹¹, A. Dorofeev³⁶, Q. Dorosti Hasankiadeh³², R. C. dos Anjos⁵⁸, M. T. Dova⁶³, J. Ebr³⁰, R. Engel³², M. Erdmann³⁸, M. Erfani¹, C. O. Escobar^4,46, J. Espadanal², A. Etchegoyen^10,9, H. Falcke^15,64,57, K. Fang⁵¹, G. Farrar²³, A. C. Fauth⁴⁶, N. Fazzini⁴, A. P. Ferguson⁵⁰, B. Fick⁶⁰, J. M. Figueira¹⁰, A. Filevich¹⁰, A. Filipčič^65,66, O. Fratu²⁴, M. M. Freire⁶⁷, T. Fujii⁵¹, B. García⁶⁸, D. Garcia-Gamez⁴⁹, D. Garcia-Pinto¹⁸, F. Gate⁵², H. Gemmeke⁶⁹, A. Gherghel-Lascu³⁷, P. L. Ghia²¹, U. Giaccari³⁴, M. Giammarchi⁴¹, M. Giller⁷⁰, D. Głas⁷⁰, C. Glaser³⁸, H. Glass⁴, G. Golup⁷, M. Gómez Berisso⁷, P. F. Gómez Vitale²², N. González¹⁰, B. Gookin³⁶, J. Gordon⁸, A. Gorgi³, P. Gorham⁷¹, P. Gouffon⁶, N. Griffith⁸, A. F. Grillo³³, T. D. Grubb²⁷, F. Guarino¹⁴, G. P. Guedes⁷², M. R. Hampel¹⁰, P. Hansen⁶³, D. Harari⁷, T. A. Harrison²⁷, S. Hartmann³⁸, J. L. Harton³⁶, A. Haungs³², T. Hebbeker³⁸, D. Heck³², P. Heimann¹, A. E. Herve³², G. C. Hill²⁷, C. Hojvat⁴, N. Hollon⁵¹, E. Holt³², P. Homola²⁶, J. R. Hörandel^15,57, P. Horvath⁷³, M. Hrabovský^73,30, D. Huber²⁵, T. Huege³², A. Insolia¹⁶, P. G. Isar⁴³, I. Jandt²⁶, S. Jansen^15,57, C. Jarne⁶³, J. A. Johnsen⁷⁴, M. Josebachuili¹⁰, A. Kääpä²⁶, O. Kambeitz²⁵, K. H. Kampert²⁶, P. Kasper⁴, I. Katkov²⁵, B. Keilhauer³², E. Kemp⁴⁶, R. M. Kieckhafer⁶⁰, H. O. Klages³², M. Kleifges⁶⁹, J. Kleinfeller⁴⁸, R. Krause³⁸, N. Krohm²⁶, D. Kuempel³⁸, G. Kukec Mezek⁶⁶, N. Kunka⁶⁹, A. W. Kuotb Awad³², D. LaHurd⁵⁰, L. Latronico³, R. Lauer⁷⁵, M. Lauscher³⁸, P. Lautridou⁵², S. Le Coz²⁸, D. Lebrun²⁸, P. Lebrun⁴, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira⁷⁶, A. Letessier-Selvon²¹, I. Lhenry-Yvon⁵, K. Link²⁵, L. Lopes², R. López⁷⁷, A. López Casado¹², K. Louedec²⁸, A. Lucero¹⁰, M. Malacari²⁷, M. Mallamaci⁴¹, J. Maller⁵², D. Mandat³⁰, P. Mantsch⁴, A. G. Mariazzi⁶³, V. Marin⁵², I. C. Mariş³⁹, G. Marsella³¹, D. Martello³¹, H. Martinez⁷⁸, O. Martínez Bravo⁷⁷, D. Martraire⁵, J. J. Masías Meza⁵⁵, H. J. Mathes³², S. Mathys²⁶, J. Matthews⁷⁹, J. A. J. Matthews⁷⁵, G. Matthiae⁴², D. Maurizio⁸⁰, E. Mayotte⁷⁴, P. O. Mazur⁴, C. Medina⁷⁴, G. Medina-Tanco¹¹, R. Meissner³⁸, V. B. B. Mello³⁴, D. Melo¹⁰, A. Menshikov⁶⁹, S. Messina⁶², M. I. Micheletti⁶⁷, L. Middendorf³⁸, I. A. Minaya¹⁸, L. Miramonti⁴¹, B. Mitrica³⁷, L. Molina-Bueno³⁹, S. Mollerach⁷, F. Montanet²⁸, C. Morello³, M. Mostafá⁴⁷, C. A. Moura⁷⁶, M. A. Muller^46,81, G. Müller³⁸, S. Müller³², S. Navas³⁹, P. Necesal³⁰, L. Nellen¹¹, A. Nelles^15,57, J. Neuser²⁶, P. H. Nguyen²⁷, M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu³⁷, M. Niechciol¹, L. Niemietz²⁶, T. Niggemann³⁸, D. Nitz⁶⁰, D. Nosek⁸², V. Novotny⁸², L. Nožka⁷³, L. A. Núñez²⁰, L. Ochilo¹, F. Oikonomou⁴⁷, A. Olinto⁵¹, N. Pacheco⁵⁹, D. Pakk Selmi-Dei⁴⁶, M. Palatka³⁰, J. Pallotta⁸³, P. Papenbreer²⁶, G. Parente¹², A. Parra⁷⁷, T. Paul^17,84, M. Pech³⁰, J. Pȩkala³⁵, R. Pelayo⁸⁵, I. M. Pepe⁸⁶, L. Perrone³¹, E. Petermann⁸⁷, C. Peters³⁸, S. Petrera^61,88, Y. Petrov³⁶, J. Phuntsok⁴⁷, R. Piegaia⁵⁵, T. Pierog³², P. Pieroni⁵⁵, M. Pimenta², V. Pirronello¹⁶, M. Platino¹⁰, M. Plum³⁸, A. Porcelli³², C. Porowski³⁵, R. R. Prado⁵⁸, P. Privitera⁵¹, M. Prouza³⁰, E. J. Quel⁸³, S. Querchfeld²⁶, S. Quinn⁵⁰, J. Rautenberg²⁶, O. Ravel⁵², D. Ravignani¹⁰, D. Reinert³⁸, B. Revenu⁵², J. Ridky³⁰, M. Risse¹, P. Ristori⁸³, V. Rizi⁶¹, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho¹², J. Rodriguez Rojo⁴⁸, M. D. Rodríguez-Frías⁵⁹, D. Rogozin³², J. Rosado¹⁸, M. Roth³², E. Roulet⁷, A. C. Rovero⁵⁴, S. J. Saffi²⁷, A. Saftoiu³⁷, H. Salazar⁷⁷, A. Saleh⁶⁶, F. Salesa Greus⁴⁷, G. Salina⁴², J. D. Sanabria Gomez²⁰, F. Sánchez¹⁰, P. Sanchez-Lucas³⁹, E. Santos⁴⁶, E. M. Santos⁶, F. Sarazin⁷⁴, B. Sarkar²⁶, R. Sarmento², C. Sarmiento-Cano²⁰, R. Sato⁴⁸, C. Scarso⁴⁸, M. Schauer²⁶, V. Scherini³¹, H. Schieler³², D. Schmidt³², O. Scholten^62,89, H. Schoorlemmer⁷¹, P. Schovánek³⁰, F. G. Schröder³², A. Schulz³², J. Schulz¹⁵, J. Schumacher³⁸, S. J. Sciutto⁶³, A. Segreto⁹⁰, M. Settimo²¹, A. Shadkam⁷⁹, R. C. Shellard⁸⁰, G. Sigl¹³, O. Sima¹⁹, A. Śmiałkowski⁷⁰, R. Šmída³², G. R. Snow⁸⁷, P. Sommers⁴⁷, S. Sonntag¹, J. Sorokin²⁷, R. Squartini⁴⁸, Y. N. Srivastava⁸⁴, D. Stanca³⁷, S. Stanič⁶⁶, J. Stapleton⁸, J. Stasielak³⁵, M. Stephan³⁸, A. Stutz²⁸, F. Suarez^10,9, M. Suarez Durán²⁰, T. Suomijärvi⁵, A. D. Supanitsky⁵⁴, M. S. Sutherland⁸, J. Swain⁸⁴, Z. Szadkowski⁷⁰, O. A. Taborda⁷, A. Tapia¹⁰, A. Tepe¹, V. M. Theodoro⁴⁶, C. Timmermans^57,15, C. J. Todero Peixoto⁹¹, G. Toma³⁷, L. Tomankova³², B. Tomé², A. Tonachini⁴⁴, G. Torralba Elipe¹², D. Torres Machado³⁴, P. Travnicek³⁰, M. Trini⁶⁶, R. Ulrich³², M. Unger^23,32, M. Urban³⁸, J. F. Valdés Galicia¹¹, I. Valiño¹², L. Valore¹⁴, G. van Aar¹⁵, P. van Bodegom²⁷, A. M. van den Berg⁶², S. van Velzen¹⁵, A. van Vliet¹³, E. Varela⁷⁷, B. Vargas Cárdenas¹¹, G. Varner⁷¹, R. Vasquez³⁴, J. R. Vázquez¹⁸, R. A. Vázquez¹², D. Veberič³², V. Verzi⁴², J. Vicha³⁰, M. Videla¹⁰, L. Villaseñor⁴⁵, B. Vlcek⁵⁹, S. Vorobiov⁶⁶, H. Wahlberg⁶³, O. Wainberg^10,9, D. Walz³⁸, A. A. Watson⁹², M. Weber⁶⁹, K. Weidenhaupt³⁸, A. Weindl³², C. Welling³⁸, F. Werner²⁵, A. Widom⁸⁴, L. Wiencke⁷⁴, H. Wilczyński³⁵, T. Winchen²⁶, D. Wittkowski²⁶, B. Wundheiler¹⁰, S. Wykes¹⁵, L. Yang⁶⁶, T. Yapici⁶⁰, A. Yushkov¹, E. Zas¹², D. Zavrtanik^66,65, M. Zavrtanik^65,66, A. Zepeda⁷⁸, B. Zimmermann⁶⁹, M. Ziolkowski¹, and F. Zuccarello¹⁶ (Pierre Auger Collaboration)

¹Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
²Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, Portugal
³Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
⁴Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
⁵Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁶Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
⁷Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
⁸Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
⁹Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
¹⁰Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
¹¹Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
¹²Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
¹³Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
¹⁴Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
¹⁵IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
¹⁶Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
¹⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
¹⁸Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
¹⁹University of Bucharest, Physics Department, Bucharest, Romania
²⁰Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
²¹Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
²²Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
²³New York University, New York, New York, USA
²⁴University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
²⁵Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
²⁶Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C—Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
²⁷University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
²⁸Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
²⁹Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
³⁰Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
³¹Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
³²Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
³³INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
³⁴Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
³⁵Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
³⁶Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
³⁷"Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
³⁸RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
³⁹Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
⁴⁰Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
⁴¹Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
⁴²Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
⁴³Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
⁴⁴Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
⁴⁵Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
⁴⁶Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil
⁴⁷Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
⁴⁸Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
⁴⁹Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁵⁰Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
⁵¹University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
⁵²SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
⁵³Station de Radioastronomie de Nanćay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, Nançay, France
⁵⁴Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
⁵⁵Departamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
⁵⁶Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil
⁵⁷Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
⁵⁸Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
⁵⁹Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
⁶⁰Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
⁶¹Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell’Università dell’Aquila and INFN, L’Aquila, Italy
⁶²KVI—Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
⁶³IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
⁶⁴ASTRON, Dwingeloo, Netherlands
⁶⁵Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
⁶⁶Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
⁶⁷Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)—CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
⁶⁸Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
⁶⁹Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
⁷⁰University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
⁷¹University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
⁷²Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
⁷³Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
⁷⁴Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
⁷⁵University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
⁷⁶Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
⁷⁷Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
⁷⁸Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), México, Distrito Federal, México
⁷⁹Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
⁸⁰Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
⁸¹Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
⁸²Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
⁸³Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Argentina
⁸⁴Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
⁸⁵Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA- IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
⁸⁶Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
⁸⁷University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
⁸⁸Gran Sasso Science Institute (INFN), L’Aquila, Italy
⁸⁹Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
⁹⁰Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
⁹¹Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, Brazil
⁹²School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

^*auger_spokespersons@fnal.gov

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Phys. Rev. D 93, 122005 – Published 14 June, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.122005

Abstract

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30–80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy—corrected for geometrical effects—is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.

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Physical Review D

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Energy estimation of cosmic rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

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Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

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