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Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Measurement of atmospheric production depth

A. Aab1, P. Abreu2, M. Aglietta3, M. Ahlers4, E. J. Ahn5, I. Al Samarai6, I. F. M. Albuquerque7, I. Allekotte8, J. Allen9 et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration)

J. Allen9, P. Allison10, A. Almela11,12, J. Alvarez Castillo13, J. Alvarez-Muñiz14, R. Alves Batista15, M. Ambrosio16, A. Aminaei17, L. Anchordoqui18,19, S. Andringa2, C. Aramo16, F. Arqueros20, H. Asorey8, P. Assis2, J. Aublin21, M. Ave14, M. Avenier22, G. Avila23, A. M. Badescu24, K. B. Barber25, J. Bäuml26, C. Baus26, J. J. Beatty10, K. H. Becker27, J. A. Bellido25, C. Berat22, X. Bertou8, P. L. Biermann28, P. Billoir21, F. Blanco20, M. Blanco21, C. Bleve27, H. Blümer26,29, M. Boháčová30, D. Boncioli31, C. Bonifazi32, R. Bonino3, N. Borodai33, J. Brack34, I. Brancus35, P. Brogueira2, W. C. Brown36, P. Buchholz1, A. Bueno37, M. Buscemi16, K. S. Caballero-Mora38,14,39, B. Caccianiga40, L. Caccianiga21, M. Candusso41, L. Caramete28, R. Caruso42, A. Castellina3, G. Cataldi43, L. Cazon2, R. Cester44, A. G. Chavez45, S. H. Cheng39, A. Chiavassa3, J. A. Chinellato46, J. Chudoba30, M. Cilmo16, R. W. Clay25, G. Cocciolo43, R. Colalillo16, L. Collica40, M. R. Coluccia43, R. Conceição2, F. Contreras47, M. J. Cooper25, S. Coutu39, C. E. Covault48, A. Criss39, J. Cronin49, A. Curutiu28, R. Dallier50,51, B. Daniel46, S. Dasso52,53, K. Daumiller29, B. R. Dawson25, R. M. de Almeida54, M. De Domenico42, S. J. de Jong17,55, J. R. T. de Mello Neto32, I. De Mitri43, J. de Oliveira54, V. de Souza56, L. del Peral57, O. Deligny6, H. Dembinski29, N. Dhital58, C. Di Giulio41, A. Di Matteo59, J. C. Diaz58, M. L. Díaz Castro46, P. N. Diep60, F. Diogo2, C. Dobrigkeit46, W. Docters61, J. C. D’Olivo13, P. N. Dong60,6, A. Dorofeev34, Q. Dorosti Hasankiadeh29, M. T. Dova62, J. Ebr30, R. Engel29, M. Erdmann63, M. Erfani1, C. O. Escobar5,46, J. Espadanal2, A. Etchegoyen12,11, P. Facal San Luis49, H. Falcke17,64,55, K. Fang49, G. Farrar9, A. C. Fauth46, N. Fazzini5, A. P. Ferguson48, M. Fernandes32, B. Fick58, J. M. Figueira12, A. Filevich12, A. Filipčič65,66, B. D. Fox67, O. Fratu24, U. Fröhlich1, B. Fuchs26, T. Fuji49, R. Gaior21, B. García68, S. T. Garcia Roca14, D. Garcia-Gamez69, D. Garcia-Pinto20, G. Garilli42, A. Gascon Bravo37, F. Gate50, H. Gemmeke70, P. L. Ghia21, U. Giaccari32, M. Giammarchi40, M. Giller71, C. Glaser63, H. Glass5, F. Gomez Albarracin62, M. Gómez Berisso8, P. F. Gómez Vitale23, P. Gonçalves2, J. G. Gonzalez26, B. Gookin34, A. Gorgi3, P. Gorham67, P. Gouffon7, S. Grebe17,55, N. Griffith10, A. F. Grillo31, T. D. Grubb25, Y. Guardincerri53, F. Guarino16, G. P. Guedes72, P. Hansen62, D. Harari8, T. A. Harrison25, J. L. Harton34, A. Haungs29, T. Hebbeker63, D. Heck29, P. Heimann1, A. E. Herve29, G. C. Hill25, C. Hojvat5, N. Hollon49, E. Holt29, P. Homola1,33, J. R. Hörandel17,55, P. Horvath73, M. Hrabovský73,30, D. Huber26, T. Huege29, A. Insolia42, P. G. Isar74, K. Islo18, I. Jandt27, S. Jansen17,55, C. Jarne62, M. Josebachuili12, A. Kääpä27, O. Kambeitz26, K. H. Kampert27, P. Kasper5, I. Katkov26, B. Kégl69, B. Keilhauer29, A. Keivani75, E. Kemp46, R. M. Kieckhafer58, H. O. Klages29, M. Kleifges70, J. Kleinfeller47, R. Krause63, N. Krohm27, O. Krömer70, D. Kruppke-Hansen27, D. Kuempel63, N. Kunka70, G. La Rosa76, D. LaHurd48, L. Latronico3, R. Lauer77, M. Lauscher63, P. Lautridou50, S. Le Coz22, M. S. A. B. Leão78, D. Lebrun22, P. Lebrun5, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira79, A. Letessier-Selvon21, I. Lhenry-Yvon6, K. Link26, R. López80, A. Lopez Agüera14, K. Louedec22, J. Lozano Bahilo37, L. Lu27,81, A. Lucero12, M. Ludwig26, H. Lyberis32, M. C. Maccarone76, M. Malacari25, S. Maldera3, J. Maller50, D. Mandat30, P. Mantsch5, A. G. Mariazzi62, V. Marin50, I. C. Mariş37, G. Marsella43, D. Martello43, L. Martin50,51, H. Martinez38, O. Martínez Bravo80, D. Martraire6, J. J. Masías Meza53, H. J. Mathes29, S. Mathys27, A. J. Matthews77, J. Matthews75, G. Matthiae41, D. Maurel26, D. Maurizio82, E. Mayotte83, P. O. Mazur5, C. Medina83, G. Medina-Tanco13, M. Melissas26, D. Melo12, E. Menichetti44, A. Menshikov70, S. Messina61, R. Meyhandan67, S. Mićanović84, M. I. Micheletti85, L. Middendorf63, I. A. Minaya20, L. Miramonti40, B. Mitrica35, L. Molina-Bueno37, S. Mollerach8, M. Monasor49, D. Monnier Ragaigne69, F. Montanet22, C. Morello3, J. C. Moreno62, M. Mostafá39, C. A. Moura79, M. A. Muller46,86, G. Müller63, M. Münchmeyer21, R. Mussa44, G. Navarra3, S. Navas37, P. Necesal30, L. Nellen13, A. Nelles17,55, J. Neuser27, M. Niechciol1, L. Niemietz27, T. Niggemann63, D. Nitz58, D. Nosek87, V. Novotny87, L. Nožka73, L. Ochilo1, A. Olinto49, M. Oliveira2, M. Ortiz20, N. Pacheco57, D. Pakk Selmi-Dei46, M. Palatka30, J. Pallotta88, N. Palmieri26, P. Papenbreer27, G. Parente14, A. Parra14, S. Pastor89, T. Paul18,90, M. Pech30, J. Pȩkala33, R. Pelayo80, I. M. Pepe91, L. Perrone43, R. Pesce92, E. Petermann93, C. Peters63, S. Petrera59,94, A. Petrolini92, Y. Petrov34, R. Piegaia53, T. Pierog29, P. Pieroni53, M. Pimenta2, V. Pirronello42, M. Platino12, M. Plum63, A. Porcelli29, C. Porowski33, R. R. Prado56, P. Privitera49, M. Prouza30, V. Purrello8, E. J. Quel88, S. Querchfeld27, S. Quinn48, J. Rautenberg27, O. Ravel50, D. Ravignani12, B. Revenu50, J. Ridky30, S. Riggi76,14, M. Risse1, P. Ristori88, V. Rizi59, J. Roberts9, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho14, I. Rodriguez Cabo14, G. Rodriguez Fernandez41,14, J. Rodriguez Rojo47, M. D. Rodríguez-Frías57, G. Ros57, J. Rosado20, T. Rossler73, M. Roth29, E. Roulet8, A. C. Rovero52, C. Rühle70, S. J. Saffi25, A. Saftoiu35, F. Salamida6, H. Salazar80, A. Saleh66, F. Salesa Greus39, G. Salina41, F. Sánchez12, P. Sanchez-Lucas37, C. E. Santo2, E. Santos2, E. M. Santos7, F. Sarazin83, B. Sarkar27, R. Sarmento2, R. Sato47, N. Scharf63, V. Scherini43, H. Schieler29, P. Schiffer15, A. Schmidt70, O. Scholten61, H. Schoorlemmer67,17,55, P. Schovánek30, A. Schulz29, J. Schulz17, S. J. Sciutto62, A. Segreto76, M. Settimo21, A. Shadkam75, R. C. Shellard82, I. Sidelnik8, G. Sigl15, O. Sima95, A. Śmiałkowski71, R. Šmída29, G. R. Snow93, P. Sommers39, J. Sorokin25, R. Squartini47, Y. N. Srivastava90, S. Stanič66, J. Stapleton10, J. Stasielak33, M. Stephan63, A. Stutz22, F. Suarez12, T. Suomijärvi6, A. D. Supanitsky52, M. S. Sutherland75, J. Swain90, Z. Szadkowski71, M. Szuba29, O. A. Taborda8, A. Tapia12, M. Tartare22, N. T. Thao60, V. M. Theodoro46, J. Tiffenberg53, C. Timmermans55,17, C. J. Todero Peixoto96, G. Toma35, L. Tomankova29, B. Tomé2, A. Tonachini44, G. Torralba Elipe14, D. Torres Machado50, P. Travnicek30, E. Trovato42, M. Tueros14, R. Ulrich29, M. Unger29, M. Urban63, J. F. Valdés Galicia13, I. Valiño14, L. Valore16, G. van Aar17, A. M. van den Berg61, S. van Velzen17, A. van Vliet15, E. Varela80, B. Vargas Cárdenas13, G. Varner67, J. R. Vázquez20, R. A. Vázquez14, D. Veberič69, V. Verzi41, J. Vicha30, M. Videla12, L. Villaseñor45, B. Vlcek18, S. Vorobiov66, H. Wahlberg62, O. Wainberg12,11, D. Walz63, A. A. Watson81, M. Weber70, K. Weidenhaupt63, A. Weindl29, F. Werner26, B. J. Whelan39, A. Widom90, L. Wiencke83, B. Wilczyńska33, H. Wilczyński33, M. Will29, C. Williams49, T. Winchen63, D. Wittkowski27, B. Wundheiler12, S. Wykes17, T. Yamamoto49, T. Yapici58, P. Younk97, G. Yuan75, A. Yushkov1, B. Zamorano37, E. Zas14, D. Zavrtanik66,65, M. Zavrtanik65,66, I. Zaw9, A. Zepeda38, J. Zhou49, Y. Zhu70, M. Zimbres Silva46, and M. Ziolkowski1 (Pierre Auger Collaboration)

  • 1Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
  • 2Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP) and Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisbon, Portugal
  • 3Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Universitá di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
  • 4University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
  • 5Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
  • 6Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
  • 7Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 8Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
  • 9New York University, New York, New York, USA
  • 10Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
  • 11Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 12Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 13Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, México, D.F., Mexico
  • 14Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  • 15Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
  • 16Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
  • 17IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
  • 18University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
  • 19Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, USA
  • 20Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  • 21Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
  • 22Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, France
  • 23Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
  • 24University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania
  • 25University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
  • 26Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 27Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
  • 28Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
  • 29Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 30Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 31INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
  • 32Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 33Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
  • 34Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
  • 35“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
  • 36Colorado State University, Pueblo, Colorado, USA
  • 37Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
  • 38Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., Mexico
  • 39Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
  • 40Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
  • 41Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
  • 42Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
  • 43Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
  • 44Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
  • 45Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
  • 46Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 47Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
  • 48Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
  • 49University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • 50SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
  • 51Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, Nançay, France
  • 52Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 53Departamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 54Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 55Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 56Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 57Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
  • 58Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
  • 59Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell’Università dell’Aquila and INFN, L’Aquila, Italy
  • 60Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology (INST), Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 61KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  • 62IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
  • 63RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
  • 64ASTRON, Dwingeloo, Netherlands
  • 65Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 66Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
  • 67University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
  • 68Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and National Technological University, Faculty Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
  • 69Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
  • 70Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Germany
  • 71University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
  • 72Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil
  • 73Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
  • 74Institute of Space Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
  • 75Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
  • 76Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
  • 77University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
  • 78Faculdade Independente do Nordeste, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
  • 79Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
  • 80Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
  • 81School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
  • 82Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 83Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
  • 84Rudjer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
  • 85Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR) - CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
  • 86Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
  • 87Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 88Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 89Institut de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-Universitat de Valéncia, Valencia, Spain
  • 90Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  • 91Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
  • 92Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and INFN, Genova, Italy
  • 93University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
  • 94Gran Sasso Science Institute (INFN), L’Aquila, Italy
  • 95University of Bucharest, Physics Department, Bucharest, Romania
  • 96Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 97Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

  • *auger_spokespersons@fnal.gov
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 90, 012012 – Published 25 July, 2014Errata Phys. Rev. D 90, 039904 (2014); Phys. Rev. D 92, 019903 (2015)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.90.012012

Abstract

The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory provides information about the longitudinal development of the muonic component of extensive air showers. Using the timing information from the flash analog-to-digital converter traces of surface detectors far from the shower core, it is possible to reconstruct a muon production depth distribution. We characterize the goodness of this reconstruction for zenith angles around 60° and different energies of the primary particle. From these distributions, we define Xmaxμ as the depth along the shower axis where the production of muons reaches maximum. We explore the potentiality of Xmaxμ as a useful observable to infer the mass composition of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. Likewise, we assess its ability to constrain hadronic interaction models.

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Corrections

31 July, 2014

Errata

Publisher’s Note: Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Measurement of atmospheric production depth [Phys. Rev. D 90, 012012 (2014)]

A. Aab et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration)
Phys. Rev. D 90, 039904 (2014)

Erratum: Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Measurement of atmospheric production depth [Phys. Rev. D 90, 012012 (2014)]

A. Aab et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration)
Phys. Rev. D 92, 019903 (2015)

See Also

Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Mean number in highly inclined events

A. Aab et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration)
Phys. Rev. D 91, 032003 (2015)

Article Text

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Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 90, 012012– Published 25 July, 2014
  • Received 30 May 2014
  • Publisher error corrected 31 July 2014

© 2014 American Physical Society

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