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Gauge-invariant linear response theory of relativistic Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superfluids

Hao Guo1,2,*, Chih-Chun Chien3,†, and Yan He4,‡

  • 1Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
  • 2Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 3Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
  • 4Department of Physics, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA

  • *guohao.ph@gmail.com
  • †chihchun@lanl.gov
  • ‡heyan@ucr.edu
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Phys. Rev. D 85, 074025 – Published 24 April, 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.85.074025

Abstract

We develop a gauge-invariant linear response theory for relativistic Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superfluids based on a consistent fluctuation of the order-parameter (CFOP) approach. The response functions from the CFOP approach satisfy important generalized Ward identities. The gauge invariance of the CFOP theory is a consequence of treating the gauge transformation and the fluctuations of the order parameter on equal footing so collective-mode effects are properly included. We demonstrate that the pole of the response functions is associated with the massless Goldstone boson. Important physical quantities such as the compressibility and superfluid density of relativistic BCS superfluids can also be inferred from our approach. We argue that the contribution from the massless Goldstone boson is crucial in obtaining a consistent expression for the compressibility.

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Phys. Rev. D 85, 074025– Published 24 April, 2012
  • Received 13 February 2012
Article part of CHORUS

© 2012 American Physical Society

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