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Solar neutrino measurements using the full data period of Super-Kamiokande-IV

K. Abe^1,49, C. Bronner ¹, Y. Hayato ^1,49, K. Hiraide ^1,49, K. Hosokawa ¹, K. Ieki ^1,49, M. Ikeda ^1,49, S. Imaizumi¹, K. Iyogi¹ et al. (Super-Kamiokande Collaboration)

K. Iyogi¹, J. Kameda^1,49, Y. Kanemura¹, R. Kaneshima¹, Y. Kashiwagi¹, Y. Kataoka ^1,49, Y. Kato¹, Y. Kishimoto^1,49,a, S. Miki¹, S. Mine^1,6, M. Miura^1,49, T. Mochizuki¹, S. Moriyama ^1,49, Y. Nagao¹, M. Nakahata ^1,49, Y. Nakano ¹, S. Nakayama ^1,49, Y. Noguchi ¹, T. Okada¹, K. Okamoto¹, A. Orii^1,b, K. Sato¹, H. Sekiya ^1,49, H. Shiba¹, K. Shimizu¹, M. Shiozawa ^1,49, Y. Sonoda¹, Y. Suzuki¹, A. Takeda^1,49, Y. Takemoto ^1,49, A. Takenaka^1,c, H. Tanaka^1,49, S. Watanabe¹, T. Yano ¹, S. Han ², T. Kajita^2,49,22, K. Okumura ^2,49, T. Tashiro ², T. Tomiya², R. Wang ², X. Wang², S. Yoshida², D. Bravo-Berguño³, P. Fernandez ³, L. Labarga ³, N. Ospina ³, B. Zaldivar³, B. W. Pointon ^4,53, F. d. M. Blaszczyk^5,d, C. Kachulis^5,49, E. Kearns ^5,49, J. L. Raaf⁵, J. L. Stone⁵, L. Wan ⁵, T. Wester ⁵, J. Bian⁶, N. J. Griskevich ⁶, W. R. Kropp^6,*, S. Locke⁶, M. B. Smy ⁶, H. W. Sobel ^6,49, V. Takhistov^6,24, P. Weatherly⁶, A. Yankelevich ⁶, K. S. Ganezer^7,*, J. Hill⁷, M. C. Jang⁸, J. Y. Kim⁸, S. Lee⁸, I. T. Lim⁸, D. H. Moon⁸, R. G. Park⁸, B. Bodur ⁹, K. Scholberg ^9,49, C. W. Walter ^9,49, A. Beauchêne¹⁰, L. Bernard¹⁰, A. Coffani¹⁰, O. Drapier¹⁰, S. El Hedri¹⁰, A. Giampaolo¹⁰, J. Imber¹⁰, Th. A. Mueller ¹⁰, P. Paganini ¹⁰, R. Rogly ¹⁰, B. Quilain¹⁰, A. Santos¹⁰, T. Nakamura¹¹, J. S. Jang¹², L. N. Machado ¹³, J. G. Learned¹⁴, S. Matsuno¹⁴, N. Iovine ¹⁵, K. Choi¹⁵, S. Cao¹⁶, L. H. V. Anthony¹⁷, R. P. Litchfield^17,e, N. Prouse ¹⁷, D. Marin¹⁷, M. Scott ¹⁷, A. A. Sztuc¹⁷, Y. Uchida¹⁷, V. Berardi ¹⁸, M. G. Catanesi¹⁸, R. A. Intonti¹⁸, E. Radicioni¹⁸, N. F. Calabria ¹⁹, G. De Rosa¹⁹, A. Langella ¹⁹, G. Collazuol ²⁰, F. Iacob ²⁰, M. Lamoureux²⁰, M. Mattiazzi ²⁰, L. Ludovici²¹, M. Gonin²², L. Périssé²², G. Pronost ²², C. Fujisawa²³, Y. Maekawa²³, Y. Nishimura ²³, R. Okazaki²³, M. Friend²⁴, T. Hasegawa ²⁴, T. Ishida²⁴, M. Jakkapu²⁴, T. Kobayashi²⁴, T. Matsubara ²⁴, T. Nakadaira²⁴, K. Nakamura ^24,49, Y. Oyama ²⁴, K. Sakashita²⁴, T. Sekiguchi²⁴, T. Tsukamoto²⁴, T. Boschi²⁵, N. Bhuiyan²⁵, G. T. Burton²⁵, J. Gao²⁵, A. Goldsack²⁵, T. Katori ²⁵, F. Di Lodovico²⁵, J. Migenda ²⁵, S. Molina Sedgwick^25,f, R. M. Ramsden ²⁵, M. Taani²⁵, Z. Xie ²⁵, S. Zsoldos ^25,49, KE. Abe²⁶, M. Hasegawa²⁶, Y. Isobe²⁶, Y. Kotsar²⁶, H. Miyabe²⁶, H. Ozaki²⁶, T. Shiozawa²⁶, T. Sugimoto²⁶, A. T. Suzuki²⁶, Y. Takagi²⁶, Y. Takeuchi ^26,49, S. Yamamoto²⁶, H. Zhong²⁶, Y. Ashida^27,g, J. Feng²⁷, L. Feng²⁷, T. Hayashino²⁷, S. Hirota²⁷, J. R. Hu ²⁷, Z. Hu ²⁷, M. Jiang²⁷, M. Kawaue²⁷, T. Kikawa²⁷, M. Mori^27,h, KE. Nakamura²⁷, T. Nakaya ^27,49, R. A. Wendell ^27,49, K. Yasutome²⁷, S. J. Jenkins ²⁸, N. McCauley ²⁸, P. Mehta²⁸, A. Pritchard²⁸, A. Tarrant ²⁸, M. J. Wilking²⁹, Y. Fukuda ³⁰, Y. Itow ^31,32, H. Menjo ³¹, M. Murase³¹, K. Ninomiya³¹, T. Niwa³¹, M. Tsukada³¹, Y. Yoshioka³¹, K. Frankiewicz^33,i, J. Lagoda³³, M. Mandal³³, P. Mijakowski³³, Y. S. Prabhu³³, J. Zalipska³³, J. Jiang³⁴, M. Jia³⁴, C. K. Jung³⁴, J. L. Palomino^34,j, G. Santucci^34,k, W. Shi^34,l, C. Vilela^34,m, C. Yanagisawa ^34,n, D. Fukuda³⁵, K. Hagiwara³⁵, M. Harada ³⁵, Y. Hino ³⁵, T. Horai³⁵, H. Ishino³⁵, S. Ito³⁵, H. Kitagawa³⁵, Y. Koshio ^35,49, W. Ma³⁵, F. Nakanishi ³⁵, N. Piplani³⁵, S. Sakai ³⁵, M. Sakuda³⁵, T. Tada ³⁵, T. Tano³⁵, C. Xu³⁵, R. Yamaguchi³⁵, T. Ishizuka³⁶, Y. Kuno³⁷, G. Barr³⁸, D. Barrow ³⁸, L. Cook^38,49, S. Samani^38,49, C. Simpson^38,49, D. Wark^38,44, A. M. Holin³⁹, F. Nova ³⁹, S. Jung ⁴⁰, B. Yang ⁴⁰, J. Y. Yang ⁴⁰, J. Yoo⁴⁰, J. E. P. Fannon⁴¹, L. Kneale ⁴¹, M. Malek⁴¹, J. M. McElwee⁴¹, O. Stone⁴¹, M. D. Thiesse ⁴¹, L. F. Thompson ⁴¹, S. T. Wilson⁴¹, H. Okazawa⁴², S. M. Lakshmi⁴³, Y. Choi⁴⁵, S. B. Kim⁴⁵, E. Kwon ⁴⁵, J. W. Seo ⁴⁵, I. Yu ⁴⁵, A. K. Ichikawa ⁴⁶, K. Nakamura⁴⁶, S. Tairafune ⁴⁶, K. Nishijima ⁴⁷, A. Eguchi ⁴⁸, K. Iwamoto⁴⁸, K. Nakagiri⁴⁸, Y. Nakajima ^48,49, N. Ogawa⁴⁸, S. Shima⁴⁸, E. Watanabe⁴⁸, M. Yokoyama ^48,49, R. G. Calland⁴⁹, S. Fujita⁴⁹, C. Jesús-Valls ⁴⁹, J. Xia ⁴⁹, T. K. Ming⁴⁹, P. de Perio ⁴⁹, K. Martens ⁴⁹, M. Murdoch⁴⁹, M. R. Vagins ^49,6, S. Izumiyama ⁵⁰, M. Kuze ⁵⁰, R. Matsumoto ⁵⁰, Y. Okajima⁵⁰, M. Tanaka⁵⁰, T. Yoshida⁵⁰, M. Inomoto⁵¹, M. Ishitsuka⁵¹, H. Ito ⁵¹, T. Kinoshita⁵¹, R. Matsumoto⁵¹, K. Ohta⁵¹, Y. Ommura⁵¹, M. Shinoki ⁵¹, N. Shigeta⁵¹, T. Suganuma⁵¹, K. Yamauchi ⁵¹, T. Yoshida⁵¹, J. F. Martin⁵², C. M. Nantais⁵², H. A. Tanaka^52,m, T. Towstego⁵², R. Gaur⁵³, V. Gousy-Leblanc^53,o, M. Hartz⁵³, A. Konaka⁵³, X. Li⁵³, S. Chen ⁵⁴, B. D. Xu ⁵⁴, B. Zhang⁵⁴, S. Berkman^55,d, M. Posiadala-Zezula⁵⁶, S. B. Boyd⁵⁷, R. Edwards⁵⁷, D. Hadley⁵⁷, M. Nicholson⁵⁷, M. O’Flaherty⁵⁷, B. Richards⁵⁷, A. Ali^58,53, B. Jamieson⁵⁸, J. Walker⁵⁸, S. Amanai⁵⁹, Ll. Marti ⁵⁹, A. Minamino ⁵⁹, K. Okamoto⁵⁹, G. Pintaudi⁵⁹, S. Sano⁵⁹, R. Sasaki⁵⁹, S. Suzuki⁵⁹, and K. Wada⁵⁹ (Super-Kamiokande Collaboration)

¹Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
²Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
³Department of Theoretical Physics, University Autonoma Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
⁴Department of Physics, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5G 3H2, Canada
⁵Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
⁷Department of Physics, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, California 90747, USA
⁸Institute for Universe and Elementary Particles, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
⁹Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham North Carolina 27708, USA
¹⁰Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, F-91120 Palaiseau, France
¹¹Department of Physics, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
¹²GIST College, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
¹³School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
¹⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
¹⁵Center for Underground Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Korea
¹⁶Institute For Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Education, ICISE, Quy Nhon, 55121, Vietnam
¹⁷Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
¹⁸Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari, I-70125, Bari, Italy
¹⁹Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
²⁰Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, I-35131, Padova, Italy
²¹INFN Sezione di Roma and Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185, Roma, Italy
²²ILANCE, CNRS - University of Tokyo International Research Laboratory, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
²³Department of Physics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
²⁴High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
²⁵Department of Physics, King’s College London, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
²⁶Department of Physics, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
²⁷Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
²⁸Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
²⁹School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
³⁰Department of Physics, Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
³¹Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
³²Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
³³National Centre For Nuclear Research, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
³⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
³⁵Department of Physics, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
³⁶Media Communication Center, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-8530, Japan
³⁷Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
³⁸Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
³⁹Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxford, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
⁴⁰Department of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
⁴¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, United Kingdom
⁴²Department of Informatics in Social Welfare, Shizuoka University of Welfare, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-8611, Japan
⁴³August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chor zów, Poland
⁴⁴STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, and Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
⁴⁵Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
⁴⁶Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
⁴⁷Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
⁴⁸Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
⁴⁹Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
⁵⁰Department of Physics,Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
⁵¹Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
⁵²Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A7, Canada
⁵³TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T2A3, Canada
⁵⁴Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
⁵⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
⁵⁶Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
⁵⁷Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
⁵⁸Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, MB R3J 3L8, Canada
⁵⁹Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan

^*Deceased.
^aCurrently at Research Center for Neutrino Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
^bCurrently at High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
^cCurrently at School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
^dCurrently at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA.
^eCurrently at School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
^fCurrently at Department de Fisica Teorica, Universitat de Valencia, and Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular, CSIC, Universitat de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
^gCurrently at Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
^hCurrently at Division of Science, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
ⁱCurrently at Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
^jCurrently at Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, 60616, Illinois, USA.
^kCurrently at Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
^lCurrently at EP Department, CERN, 1211 Geneva 24, Switzerland.
^mCurrently at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025-7090, USA.
ⁿAlso at BMCC/CUNY, Science Department, New York New York, 1007, USA.
^oAlso at University of Victoria, Department of Physics and Astronomy, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.

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Phys. Rev. D 109, 092001 – Published 3 May, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.092001

Abstract

An analysis of solar neutrino data from the fourth phase of Super-Kamiokande (SK-IV) from October 2008 to May 2018 is performed and the results are presented. The observation time of the dataset of SK-IV corresponds to 2970 days and the total live time for all four phases is 5805 days. For more precise solar neutrino measurements, several improvements are applied in this analysis: lowering the data acquisition threshold in May 2015, further reduction of the spallation background using neutron clustering events, precise energy reconstruction considering the time variation of the PMT gain. The observed number of solar neutrino events in 3.49–19.49 MeV electron kinetic energy region during SK-IV is ${65,443}_{- 388}^{+ 390} (stat .) \pm 925 (syst .)$ events. Corresponding ${}^{8}B$ solar neutrino flux is $(2.314 \pm 0.014 (stat .) \pm 0.040 (syst .)) \times 10^{6} {cm}^{- 2} s^{- 1}$ , assuming a pure electron-neutrino flavor component without neutrino oscillations. The flux combined with all SK phases up to SK-IV is $(2.336 \pm 0.011 (stat .) \pm 0.043 (syst .)) \times 10^{6} {cm}^{- 2} s^{- 1}$ . Based on the neutrino oscillation analysis from all solar experiments, including the SK 5805 days dataset, the best-fit neutrino oscillation parameters are $\sin^{2} θ_{12, solar} = 0.306 \pm 0.013$ and $Δ m_{21, solar}^{2} = (6.1 0_{- 0.81}^{+ 0.95}) \times 10^{- 5} {eV}^{2}$ , with a deviation of about $1.5 σ$ from the $Δ m_{21}^{2}$ parameter obtained by KamLAND. The best-fit neutrino oscillation parameters obtained from all solar experiments and KamLAND are $\sin^{2} θ_{12, global} = 0.307 \pm 0.012$ and $Δ m_{21, global}^{2} = (7.5 0_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.19}) \times 10^{- 5} {eV}^{2}$ .

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Phys. Rev. D 109, 092001– Published 3 May, 2024

Vol. 109, Iss. 9 — 1 May 2024

Received 20 December 2023
Accepted 20 February 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.092001

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Solar neutrino measurements using the full data period of Super-Kamiokande-IV

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