- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Design and sensitivity of a 6-axis seismometer for gravitational wave observatories

Leonid Prokhorov1,*, Sam Cooper1, Amit Singh Ubhi1, Conor Mow-Lowry1,2,3, John Bryant1, Artemiy Dmitriev1, Chiara Di Fronzo1, Christopher J. Collins1, Alex Gill1 et al.

Alexandra Mitchell2,3, Joscha Heinze1, Jiri Smetana1, Tianliang Yan1, Alan V. Cumming4, Giles Hammond4, and Denis Martynov1

  • 1Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
  • 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 3Dutch National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Nikhef, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 4Institute for Gravitational Wave Research, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom

  • *l.g.prokhorov@bham.ac.uk
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 109, 042007 – Published 20 February, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.042007

Abstract

We present the design, control system, and noise analysis of a 6-axis seismometer comprising a mass suspended by a single fused silica fiber. We utilize custom-made, compact Michelson interferometers for the readout of the mass motion relative to the table and successfully overcome the sensitivity of existing commercial seismometers by over an order of magnitude in the angular degrees of freedom. We develop the sensor for gravitational-wave observatories, such as LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA, to help them observe intermediate-mass black holes, increase their duty cycle, and improve localization of sources. Our control system and its achieved sensitivity makes the sensor suitable for other fundamental physics experiments, such as tests of semiclassical gravity, searches for bosonic dark matter, and studies of the Casimir force.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (45)

  1. J. Aasi, B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott et al., Advanced LIGO, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 074001 (2015).
  2. F. Acernese, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma et al., Advanced Virgo: A 2nd generation interferometric gravitational wave detector, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 024001 (2015).
  3. A. Buikema, C. Cahillane, G. L. Mansell et al. (aLIGO Collaboration), Sensitivity and performance of the Advanced LIGO detectors in the third observing run, Phys. Rev. D 102, 062003 (2020).
  4. D. V. Martynov, E. D. Hall, B. P. Abbott et al., Sensitivity of the Advanced LIGO detectors at the beginning of gravitational wave astronomy, Phys. Rev. D 93, 112004 (2016).
  5. M. Branchesi, Multi-messenger astronomy: Gravitational waves, neutrinos, photons, and cosmic rays, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 718, 022004 (2016).
  6. H. Yu, D. Martynov, S. Vitale et al., Prospects for detecting gravitational waves at 5 Hz with ground-based detectors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 141102 (2018).
  7. M. Evans et al., A horizon study for cosmic explorer: Science, observatories, and community, arXiv:2109.09882.
  8. M. Maggiore, C. V. D. Broeck, N. Bartolo, E. Belgacem, D. Bertacca, M. A. Bizouard, M. Branchesi, S. Clesse, S. Foffa, J. Garcí a-Bellido, S. Grimm, J. Harms, T. Hinderer, S. Matarrese, C. Palomba, M. Peloso, A. Ricciardone, and M. Sakellariadou, Science case for the Einstein telescope, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2020) 050.
  9. F. Matichard, B. Lantz, R. Mittleman et al., Seismic isolation of Advanced LIGO: Review of strategy, instrumentation and performance, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 185003 (2015).
  10. F. Matichard, B. Lantz, K. Mason et al., Advanced LIGO two-stage twelve-axis vibration isolation and positioning platform. Part 1: Design and production overview, Precis. Eng. 40, 273 (2015).
  11. F. Matichard, B. Lantz, K. Mason et al., Advanced LIGO two-stage twelve-axis vibration isolation and positioning platform. part 2: Experimental investigation and tests results, Precis. Eng. 40, 287 (2015).
  12. LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations, GWTC-1: A gravitational-wave transient catalog of compact binary mergers observed by LIGO and Virgo during the first and second observing runs, Phys. Rev. X 9, 031040 (2019).
  13. R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, S. Abraham et al. (LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations), GWTC-2: Compact binary coalescences observed by LIGO and Virgo during the first half of the third observing run, Phys. Rev. X 11, 021053 (2021).
  14. K. Venkateswara, C. Hagedorn, M. Turner, T. Arp, and J. H. Gundlach, A high-precision mechanical absolute-rotation sensor, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 015005 (2014).
  15. M. P. Ross, K. Venkateswara, C. Mow-Lowry et al., Towards windproofing LIGO: Reducing the effect of wind-driven floor tilt by using rotation sensors in active seismic isolation, Classical Quantum Gravity 37, 185018 (2020).
  16. C. Collette, F. Nassif, J. Amar, C. Depouhon, and S.-P. Gorza, Prototype of interferometric absolute motion sensor, Sens. Actuators A 224, 72 (2015).
  17. J. V. van Heijningen, A. Bertolini, and J. F. J. van den Brand, A novel interferometrically read out inertial sensor for future gravitational wave detectors, in 2018 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) (2018), pp. 1–5, 10.1109/SAS.2018.8336722.
  18. C. M. Mow-Lowry and D. Martynov, A 6D interferometric inertial isolation system, Classical Quantum Gravity 36, 245006 (2019).
  19. A. S. Ubhi, J. Smetana, T. Zhang, S. Cooper, L. Prokhorov, J. Bryant, D. Hoyland, H. Miao, and D. Martynov, A six degree-of-freedom fused silica seismometer: Design and tests of a metal prototype, Classical Quantum Gravity 39, 015006 (2022).
  20. A. S. Ubhi, L. Prokhorov, S. Cooper, C. D. Fronzo, J. Bryant, D. Hoyland, A. Mitchell, J. Van Dongen, C. Mow-Lowry, A. Cumming et al., Active platform stabilization with a 6D seismometer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 121, 174101 (2022).
  21. H. Yang, H. Miao, D.-S. Lee, B. Helou, and Y. Chen, Macroscopic quantum mechanics in a classical spacetime, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 170401 (2013).
  22. B. Helou, J. Luo, H.-C. Yeh, C. gang Shao, B. Slagmolen, D. E. McClelland, and Y. Chen, Measurable signatures of quantum mechanics in a classical spacetime, Phys. Rev. D 96, 044008 (2017).
  23. Y. Liu, H. Miao, Y. Chen, and Y. Ma, Semiclassical gravity phenomenology under the causal-conditional quantum measurement prescription, Phys. Rev. D 107, 024004 (2023).
  24. E. Shaw, M. Ross, C. Hagedorn, E. Adelberger, and J. Gundlach, Torsion-balance search for ultralow-mass bosonic dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 105, 042007 (2022).
  25. F. S. S. Rosa, D. A. R. Dalvit, and P. W. Milonni, Casimir-Lifshitz theory and metamaterials, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 183602 (2008).
  26. T.-M. Zhao and R.-X. Miao, Huge Casimir effect at finite temperature in electromagnetic Rindler space, Opt. Lett. 36, 4467 (2011).
  27. A. V. Cumming, A. S. Bell, L. Barsotti et al., Design and development of the Advanced LIGO monolithic fused silica suspension, Classical Quantum Gravity 29, 035003 (2012).
  28. A. V. Cumming, B. Sorazu, E. Daw, G. D. Hammond, J. Hough, R. Jones, I. W. Martin, S. Rowan, K. A. Strain, and D. Williams, Lowest observed surface and weld losses in fused silica fibres for gravitational wave detectors, Classical Quantum Gravity 37, 195019 (2020).
  29. A. V. Cumming, R. Jones, G. D. Hammond, J. Hough, I. W. Martin, and S. Rowan, Large-scale monolithic fused-silica mirror suspension for third-generation gravitational-wave detectors, Phys. Rev. Appl. 17, 024044 (2022).
  30. Y. Levin, Creep events and creep noise in gravitational-wave interferometers: Basic formalism and stationary limit, Phys. Rev. D 86, 122004 (2012).
  31. G. Vajente, Crackling noise in advanced gravitational wave detectors: A model of the steel cantilevers used in the test mass suspensions, Phys. Rev. D 96, 022003 (2017).
  32. M. Popović, T. W. de Geus, W. Ji, A. Rosso, and M. Wyart, Scaling description of creep flow in amorphous solids, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 208001 (2022).
  33. S. J. Cooper, C. M. Mow-Lowry, D. Hoyland, J. Bryant, A. Ubhi, J. O’Dell, A. Huddart, S. Aston, and A. Vecchio, Sensors and actuators for the Advanced LIGO a+ upgrade, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 94, 014502 (2023).
  34. A. S. Ubhi, J. Bryant, D. Hoyland, and D. Martynov, Cryogenic optical shadow sensors for gravitational wave detectors, Cryogenics 126, 103547 (2022).
  35. K. A. Strain and B. N. Shapiro, Damping and local control of mirror suspensions for laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 044501 (2012).
  36. S. J. Cooper, C. J. Collins, A. C. Green, D. Hoyland, C. C. Speake, A. Freise, and C. M. Mow-Lowry, A compact, large-range interferometer for precision measurement and inertial sensing, Classical Quantum Gravity 35, 095007 (2018).
  37. S. J. Cooper, C. J. Collins, L. Prokhorov, J. Warner, D. Hoyland, and C. M. Mow-Lowry, Interferometric sensing of a commercial geophone, Classical Quantum Gravity 39, 075023 (2022).
  38. J. Smetana, R. Walters, S. Bauchinger et al., Compact Michelson interferometers with subpicometer sensitivity, Phys. Rev. Appl. 18, 034040 (2022).
  39. K.-S. Isleif, G. Heinzel, M. Mehmet, and O. Gerberding, Compact multifringe interferometry with subpicometer precision, Phys. Rev. Appl. 12, 034025 (2019).
  40. O. Gerberding and K.-S. Isleif, Ghost beam suppression in deep frequency modulation interferometry for compact on-axis optical heads, Sensors 21, 1708 (2021).
  41. O. Gerberding, K.-S. Isleif, M. Mehmet, K. Danzmann, and G. Heinzel, Laser-frequency stabilization via a quasimonolithic Mach-Zehnder interferometer with arms of unequal length and balanced dc readout, Phys. Rev. Appl. 7, 024027 (2017).
  42. M. Armano, H. Audley, G. Auger, J. T. Baird, M. Bassan, P. Binetruy, M. Born, D. Bortoluzzi, N. Brandt, M. Caleno et al., Sub-femto-g free fall for space-based gravitational wave observatories: LISA pathfinder results, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 231101 (2016).
  43. C. Weichert, P. Köchert, R. Köning, J. Flügge, B. Andreas, U. Kuetgens, and A. Yacoot, A heterodyne interferometer with periodic nonlinearities smaller than ±10  pm, Meas. Sci. Technol. 23, 094005 (2012).
  44. R. de la Rue, R. Humphryes, I. Mason, and E. Ash, Acoustic-surface-wave amplitude and phase measurements using laser probes, Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng. 119, 117 (1972).
  45. G. Heinzel, F. G. Cervantes, A. F. G. Marín, J. Kullmann, W. Feng, and K. Danzmann, Deep phase modulation interferometry, Opt. Express 18, 19076 (2010).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 109, 042007– Published 20 February, 2024
  • Received 3 August 2023
  • Accepted 4 January 2024
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation