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Finite-size effects and scaling properties of chiral and baryon-number fluctuations

Győző Kovács1,2,*, Pok Man Lo1,†, Krzysztof Redlich1,3,‡, and Chihiro Sasaki1,4,§

  • *Contact author: gyozo.kovacs@uwr.edu.pl
  • †Contact author: pokman.lo@uwr.edu.pl
  • ‡Contact author: krzysztof.redlich@uwr.edu.pl
  • §Contact author: chihiro.sasaki@uwr.edu.pl
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 014024 – Published 10 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/87gx-7mtf

Abstract

An effective chiral model is introduced to illustrate finite-size effects, incorporating the standard zero-mode treatment, momentum-space discretization, and gradient effects modeled via a prescribed finite-volume profile. The fluctuations of the chiral order parameter and the net-baryon number, as well as their scaling properties, are investigated near a critical point and a first-order transition in finite-size systems. The finite-volume effects on the Binder cumulant and the kurtosis are shown along the phase boundary and the approximate freeze-out line, respectively. Phenomenological implications on fluctuation observables are pointed out and explained.

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Outline

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 014024– Published 10 July, 2026
  • Received 27 November 2025
  • Revised 23 April 2026
  • Accepted 12 June 2026
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