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Ringdown modeling for effective-one-body waveforms in the test-mass limit for eccentric equatorial orbits around a Kerr black hole

Simone Albanesi1,2, Sebastiano Bernuzzi1, and Alessandro Nagar2,3

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 064002 – Published 1 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4lgw-26b1

Abstract

We study the plunge and merger of a nonspinning particle falling into a Kerr black hole following an eccentric planar inspiral. The dynamics is driven by an effective-one-body radiation reaction and the corresponding numerical inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms are obtained by solving the Teukolsky equation with the 2+1 time-domain code teukode. We then analyze in detail the plunge and merger phases, modeling the merger-ringdown waveform using closed-form Ansätze. Crucially, our modeling starts from a point closely related to the light-ring crossing, rather than from the amplitude peaks. This choice allows us to neglect the impact of the relativistic anomaly at the separatrix crossing and to extend the modeling to high spins and high eccentricities. We model all the multipoles with m≥1 up to ℓ=4, as well as the (2, 0), (5, 5), (5, 4), and (5, 3) modes, including spherical-spheroidal mode mixing and the beating between corotating and counterrotating quasinormal modes. The postmerger waveform model is then employed to complete an effective-one-body inspiral-plunge waveform, thus providing a complete description. Our model, built using ellipticlike configurations for the merger-ringdown phase, naturally extends to dynamical capture scenarios without any further modification. Finally, we provide insights into the extension of this framework to generic mass ratios, arguing that a time closely related to the inflection point of the (2, 2) waveform frequency could be used as anchoring point for the ringdown modeling.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 064002– Published 1 September, 2026
  • Received 30 March 2026
  • Accepted 20 July 2026
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