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DESI DR2 results. I. Baryon acoustic oscillations from the Lyman alpha forest

M. Abdul Karim ¹, J. Aguilar², S. Ahlen ³, C. Allende Prieto ^4,5, O. Alves⁶, A. Anand ², U. Andrade ^7,6, E. Armengaud ¹, A. Aviles ^8,9 et al. (DESI Collaboration^*)

A. Aviles ^8,9, S. Bailey ², A. Bault ², J. Behera ¹⁰, S. BenZvi ¹¹, D. Bianchi ^12,13, C. Blake ¹⁴, A. Brodzeller ², D. Brooks¹⁵, E. Buckley-Geer^16,17, E. Burtin¹, R. Calderon ¹⁸, R. Canning¹⁹, A. Carnero Rosell ^4,20, P. Carrilho²¹, L. Casas²², F. J. Castander ^23,24, R. Cereskaite²⁵, M. Charles ^26,27, E. Chaussidon ², J. Chaves-Montero ²⁸, D. Chebat ¹, T. Claybaugh², S. Cole ²⁹, A. P. Cooper ³⁰, A. Cuceu ^2,†, K. S. Dawson ³¹, R. de Belsunce ², A. de la Macorra ³¹, A. de Mattia ¹, N. Deiosso ³², J. Della Costa ^33,34, A. Dey ³⁴, B. Dey ^35,36, Z. Ding ³⁷, P. Doel¹⁵, J. Edelstein^38,39, D. J. Eisenstein⁴⁰, W. Elbers ²⁹, P. Fagrelius³⁴, K. Fanning ^41,42, S. Ferraro ^2,39, A. Font-Ribera ²⁸, J. E. Forero-Romero ^43,44, C. Garcia-Quintero ^40,31, L. H. Garrison ^45,46, E. Gaztañaga^23,19,24, H. Gil-Marín ^47,23,48, S. Gontcho A. Gontcho ², A. X. Gonzalez-Morales ⁴⁹, C. Gordon ²⁸, D. Green ⁵⁰, G. Gutierrez¹⁷, J. Guy ², C. Hahn ⁵¹, M. Herbold ^26,27, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar ^52,1, M. Ho⁵³, M.-F. Ho ⁶, K. Honscheid ^26,27, C. Howlett ⁵⁴, D. Huterer ⁵⁵, M. Ishak ⁵⁶, S. Juneau ³⁴, N. G. Karaçayl𝚤 ^26,57,58, R. Kehoe⁵⁹, S. Kent ^16,17, D. Kirkby ⁵⁰, T. Kisner ⁶⁰, F.-S. Kitaura ^4,61, S. E. Koposov ^21,62, A. Kremin ², O. Lahav¹⁵, C. Lamman ⁴⁰, M. Landriau ², D. Lang⁶³, J. Lasker ⁶⁴, J. M. Le Goff¹, L. Le Guillou ⁶⁵, A. Leauthaud ^66,67, M. E. Levi ², Q. Li ³¹, T. S. Li ³⁵, K. Lodha ^68,69, M. Lokken²⁸, C. Magneville⁷⁰, M. Manera ^71,28, P. Martini ^26,72,57, W. L. Matthewson ⁶⁸, P. McDonald ², A. Meisner ³⁴, J. Mena-Fernández ⁷³, R. Miquel^74,28, J. Moustakas ⁷⁵, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez⁷⁶, D. Muñoz-Santos⁷⁷, A. D. Myers⁷⁸, J. A. Newman ³⁶, G. Niz ^49,9, H. E. Noriega ^79,76, E. Paillas ⁵¹, N. Palanque-Delabrouille ^70,2, J. Pan ⁶, W. J. Percival ^80,81,82, I. Pérez-Ràfols ⁸³, M. M. Pieri ⁷⁷, C. Poppett^84,38,39, F. Prada ⁸⁵, D. Rabinowitz⁸⁶, A. Raichoor ⁸⁴, C. Ramírez-Pérez²⁸, M. Rashkovetskyi ⁴⁰, C. Ravoux ⁸⁷, J. Rich^70,65, C. Rockosi ^66,67, A. J. Ross ^26,57, G. Rossi⁸⁸, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider ⁷⁰, E. Sanchez ³², N. Sanders ⁸⁹, S. Satyavolu²⁸, D. Schlegel⁸⁴, M. Schubnell⁵⁵, H. Seo ⁸⁹, A. Shafieloo ^68,69, R. Sharples ^90,29, J. Silber ⁸⁴, F. Sinigaglia ^4,61, D. Sprayberry³⁴, T. Tan ⁷⁰, G. Tarlé ⁶, P. Taylor^26,57, W. Turner ^26,58, F. Valdes ³⁴, M. Vargas-Magaña ⁷⁶, M. Walther ^91,92, B. A. Weaver³⁴, M. Wolfson^26,57, C. Yèche ⁷⁰, P. Zarrouk ⁶⁵, R. Zhou ⁸⁴, and H. Zou ⁹³ (DESI Collaboration^*)

¹IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
²Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
³Physics Department, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
⁴Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/ Vía Láctea, s/n, E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁶Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
⁷Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
⁸Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62210, México
⁹Instituto Avanzado de Cosmología A. C., San Marcos 11-Atenas 202, Magdalena Contreras, Ciudad de México C. P. 10720, México
¹⁰Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 1228 North Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
¹¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, 206 Bausch and Lomb Hall, P.O. Box 270171, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA
¹²Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano I-20133, Italy
¹³INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, Milano 20122, Italy
¹⁴Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
¹⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
¹⁶Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
¹⁷Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
¹⁸CEICO, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic
¹⁹Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
²⁰Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/ Vía Láctea, s/n E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
²¹Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, United Kingdom
²²Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Edifici Cn, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
²³Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), c/ Esteve Terradas 1, Edifici RDIT, Campus PMT-UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
²⁴Institute of Space Sciences, ICE-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
²⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
²⁶Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
²⁷Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
²⁸Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Edifici Cn, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
²⁹Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
³⁰Institute of Astronomy and Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Kuang-Fu Road, Sec. 2, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
³¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Utah, 115 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
³²CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, Madrid E-28040, Spain
³³Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA
³⁴NSF NOIRLab, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
³⁵Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
³⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT PACC), University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
³⁷University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, People’s Republic of China
³⁸Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
³⁹University of California, Berkeley, 110 Sproul Hall No. 5800 Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁴⁰Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
⁴¹Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94305, USA
⁴²SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
⁴³Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio Ip, Bogotá CP 111711, Colombia
⁴⁴Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio H, Bogotá CP 111711, Colombia
⁴⁵Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
⁴⁶Scientific Computing Core, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
⁴⁷Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona E08028, Spain
⁴⁸Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
⁴⁹Departamento de Física, DCI-Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, León, Guanajuato C. P. 37150, México
⁵⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
⁵¹Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
⁵²Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, Paris 75014, France
⁵³University of Michigan, 500 South State Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
⁵⁴School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
⁵⁵Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
⁵⁶Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
⁵⁷Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
⁵⁸Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
⁵⁹Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
⁶⁰Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
⁶¹Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/ Vía Láctea, s/n E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁶²Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
⁶³Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁶⁴Astrophysics and Space Institute, Schmidt Sciences, New York, New York 10011, USA
⁶⁵Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Paris FR-75005, France
⁶⁶Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, UCO/Lick Observatory, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
⁶⁷Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95065, USA
⁶⁸Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776, Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
⁶⁹University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
⁷⁰IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁷¹Departament de Física, Serra Húnter, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
⁷²Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
⁷³Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, 53 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
⁷⁴Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
⁷⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211, USA
⁷⁶Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México C. P. 04510, México
⁷⁷Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
⁷⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University, Department 3905, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
⁷⁹Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62210, México
⁸⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁸¹Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁸²Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁸³Departament de Física, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, c/Eduard Maristany 10, Barcelona 08930, Spain
⁸⁴Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
⁸⁵Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n E-18008 Granada, Spain
⁸⁶Physics Department, Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
⁸⁷Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, LPCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
⁸⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
⁸⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, 139 University Terrace, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
⁹⁰Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
⁹¹Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstrasse 2, Garching D-85748, Germany
⁹²University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstrasse 1, München 81677, Germany
⁹³National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People’s Republic of China

^*Contact author: spokespersons@desi.lbl.gov
^†NASA Einstein Fellow.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 083514 – Published 6 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/2wwn-xjm5

Abstract

We present the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements with the Lyman- $α$ ( $Ly α$ ) forest from the second data release (DR2) of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) survey. Our BAO measurements include both the autocorrelation of the $Ly α$ forest absorption observed in the spectra of high-redshift quasars and the cross-correlation of the absorption with the quasar positions. The total sample size is approximately a factor of 2 larger than the DR1 dataset, with forest measurements in over 820,000 quasar spectra and the positions of over 1.2 million quasars. We describe several significant improvements to our analysis in this paper, and two supporting papers describe improvements to the synthetic datasets that we use for validation and how we identify damped $Ly α$ absorbers. Our main result is that we have measured the BAO scale with a statistical precision of 1.1% along and 1.3% transverse to the line of sight, for a combined precision of 0.65% on the isotropic BAO scale at $z_{eff} = 2.33$ . This excellent precision, combined with recent theoretical studies of the BAO shift due to nonlinear growth, motivated us to include a systematic error term in $Ly α$ BAO analysis for the first time. We measure the ratios $D_{H} (z_{eff}) / r_{d} = 8.632 \pm 0.098 \pm 0.026$ and $D_{M} (z_{eff}) / r_{d} = 38.99 \pm 0.52 \pm 0.12$ , where $D_{H} = c / H (z)$ is the Hubble distance, $D_{M}$ is the transverse comoving distance, $r_{d}$ is the sound horizon at the drag epoch, and we quote both the statistical and the theoretical systematic uncertainty. The companion paper presents the BAO measurements at lower redshifts from the same dataset and the cosmological interpretation.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Viewpoint

Rethinking Our Place in the Universe

Published 6 October, 2025

The new map of the Universe’s expansion history released by the DESI Collaboration offers hints at a breakdown of the standard model of cosmology.

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Article Text

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 083514– Published 6 October, 2025

Vol. 112, Iss. 8 — 15 October 2025

Received 26 March 2025
Accepted 24 June 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/2wwn-xjm5

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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DESI DR2 results. I. Baryon acoustic oscillations from the Lyman alpha forest

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Rethinking Our Place in the Universe

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DESI DR2 results. II. Measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmological constraints

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